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MSK > anatomy of the lower limb 2016 > Flashcards

anatomy of the lower limb 2016 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 main functions of the lower limb?

A
  • Support body weight
  • Locomotion
  • Maintain balance
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2
Q

What does the lower limb encompass ?

A

Extends from pelvis to foot

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3
Q

What are the superficial muscles of the gluteal region ?(4)

A

Gleuteus maximus, medius, minimus and tensor fascia latae

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4
Q

What movements do the superficial gluteal muscles carry out?

A

Extensors, abductors and medial rotators of thigh

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5
Q

What is the nerve supply to the superficial gluteal nerves?

A

gluteus maximus = inferior gluteal nerve

All others are superior gluteal nerve

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6
Q

Describe what trandelenburgs gait is and what causes this appearance

A

It is an abnormal gait due to weakness in the abductor muscles, people with lesions to the superior gluteal nerve have weakness in the abductors of the hip.

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7
Q

What are the 4 muscles in the deep muscle group of the gluteal region ?

A

Piriformis, obturator internus, gemelli and quadratus femoris

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8
Q

What movements does the deep muscle group of the gluteal region control?

A
  • Lateral rotators of thigh and hip stabilisers
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9
Q

What is the deep muscle group of the gluteal region innervated by ?

A

nerves from the sacral plexus

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10
Q

Through what does nerves enter and exit the pelvis and perineum ?

A

The greater sciatic foramen - passageway for structures into the pelvis

The lesser sciatic foramen - passageway for structures into the perineum

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11
Q

identify the greater and lesser sciatic formamen, sacrotuberus and sacrospinous ligaments.

A
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12
Q

What nerve roots does the sciatic nerve arise from ?

A

L4-S3

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13
Q

What nerve roots does the pudendal nerve arise from?

A

S2-S4

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14
Q

What nerve roots does the Posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh arise from?

A

S1-S3

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15
Q

What areas of the lower limb does the sciatic nerve supply?

A

Posterior compartment of the thigh, all leg and foot muscles & most of the skin via tibial and common fibular braches.

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16
Q

What area does the pudendal nerve supply?

A

It is the principal nerve to the perinueum

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17
Q

What area does the posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh supply?

A

•Skin over posterior thigh, popliteal fossa, lateral perineum and upper medial thigh

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18
Q

Which foramen does the sciatic nerve pass through and where does it exit?

A

passes through the greater sciatic formamen and exits usually inferiorly to the piriformis

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19
Q

Does the sciatic nerve supply anything in the gluteal region?

A

No

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20
Q

What does the sciatic foramen branch into?

A

the tibial nerve (more medial) and the common fibular nerve (more lateral)

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21
Q

What are the boundaries of the femoral triangle ?

A
  • Superior – inguinal ligament
  • Medially – lateral border of adductor longus
  • Laterally – medial border of sartorius
  • Floor – iliopsoas and pectineus
  • Roof – deep fascia (fascia lata)
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22
Q

What are the contents of the femoral triangle ?

A
  • -Femoral Nerve
  • -Femoral Artery
  • -Femoral Vein
  • -Lymphatics
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23
Q

Describe what compartment syndrome is

A

•Increased pressure caused by swelling of tissue or increase in fluid (bleeding) - in an enclosed compartment.

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24
Q

What is the treatment of compartment syndrome ?

A

Fasciotomy

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25
Q

How is the lower limb divided into compartments?

A

By intermuscular septa

26
Q

Label the compartments of the tigh

27
Q

Label the compartments of the leg

28
Q

What are the muscles within the anterior compartment of the thigh ?

A

•Flexors of thigh

  • Pectineus
  • Iliopsoas (psoas major + iliacus)
  • Sartorius
  • Rectus femoris

•Extensors of leg

  • Quadriceps femoris (Vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius, rectus femoris)
29
Q

What nerve supplies the anterior compartment of the thigh?

A

Femoral nerve (L2,3,4)

30
Q

What are the muscles of the medial compartment of the thigh?

A
  • Adductor longus
  • Adductor brevis
  • Adductor magnus
  • Gracilis
  • Obturator externus
31
Q

What is the nervous supply to the medial compartment of the thigh?

A

Obturator nerve(L2,3,4)

32
Q

What is the only exception for nervous supply in the medial compartment of the thigh?

A

Hamstring part of adductor magnus (tibial nerve)

33
Q

What are the muscles in the posterior compartment of the leg?

A

Semitendinosus, Semimembranosus & Long and short heads of the Biceps femoris

34
Q

What movements does the posterior compartment of the thigh carry out?

A

Extension of the thigh

Flexion of the leg

35
Q

What is the nerve supply to the muscles of the posterior compartment of the thigh?

A

Semitendinosus, Semimembranosus & Long head of Biceps femoris all supplied by the tibial branch of the sciatic nerve (L5, S1, S2)

Short head of the biceps femoris supplied by the common fibular branch of the sciatic nerve.

36
Q

What are the muscles in the anterior compartment of the leg?

A
  • Tibialis anterior
  • Extensor digitorum longus
  • Extensor hallucis longus
  • Fibularis tertius
37
Q

What movements do the msuces of the anterior compartment of the leg carry out?

A

Dorsiflexors of ankle & extensors of toes

38
Q

What nerve supplies the anterior compartment of the leg?

A

All muscles supplied by deep fibular nerve (L4, L5)

39
Q

What are the muscles contained in the lateral compartment of the leg?

A
  • Fibularis longus
  • Fibularis brevis
40
Q

What movements does the muscles in the lateral compartment of the leg carry out?

A

Evert foot & weakly plantarflex ankle

41
Q

What nerve supplies the muscles in the lateral compartment of the leg?

A

All superficial fibular nerve (L5, S1, S2)

42
Q

What are the superifical muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg?

A
  • Gastrocnemius
  • Soleus
  • Plantaris
43
Q

What is the primary function of the superficial muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg?

A

Plantarflexors of ankle

44
Q

What are the deep muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg?

A
  • Popliteus,
  • Flexor hallucis longus,
  • Flexor digitorum longus,
  • Tibialis posterior
45
Q

What movements does the deep muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg control?

A

Flexors of toes & plantarflexors of ankle

46
Q

What nerve supplies all the muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg?

A

Tibial nerve

47
Q

What are the boundaries of the popliteal fossa?

A
  • Superolaterally -Biceps femoris
  • Superomedially - Semimembranosus
  • Inferiorly - Gastrocnemius
  • Roof - Popliteal fascia
48
Q

What is contained within the popliteal fossa?

A
  • Lots of fat
  • Terminal small saphenous vein
  • Popliteal vessels
  • Tibial and common fibular nerves
49
Q

Summarise the superficial lymphatic drainage of the lower limb

A

Superficial lymphatics follow saphenous veins to superficial inguinal lymph nodes to external iliac lymph nodes.

50
Q

Summarise the deep lymphatic drainage of the lower limb

A

Deep lymphatics follow deep veins - popliteal lymph nodes to deep inguinal lymph nodes to external iliac lymph nodes

51
Q

What type of joint is the hip?

A

Ball (head of femur) socket (acetabulum of hip) - Ball and socket

It is a synovial joint.

52
Q

What are the ligaments of the hip joint?

A
  • iliofemoral
  • pubofemoral
  • ischiofemoral
53
Q

What is the ligament to the head of the femur ?

A

Ligamentum teres

54
Q

Describe the blood supply to the hip joint

A

Medial and Lateral circumflex femoral arteries:

  • usually from deep femoral artery
  • give off retinacular arteries

Artery to head of femur:

  • branch of obturator
  • travels in ligament to head of femur
55
Q

What type of joint is the knee?

A

Hinge joint (modified) - synovial

56
Q

What are the 3 articulations in the knee joint?

A

x2 Tibiofemoral

x1 Patellofemoral

57
Q

What are the main movements of the knee?

A

Flexion - Extension

58
Q

What are the extracapsular ligaments of the knee?

A

•Patellar ligament, medial and lateral collateral ligaments

59
Q

What are the intracapsular ligaments of the knee?

A

ACL and PCL

60
Q

What tendons make up the achillies tendon?

A

Tendons of the gastrocnemius and soleus together

61
Q

What does the achillies tendon attach too?

A

Calcaneal tuberosity

MSK (22 decks)

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