Hippocampus

Question 1

Hippocampus anatomy

Answer 1

• hippocampus proper
• dentate gyrus
• subiculum
• parahippocampal gyrus

Question 2

Dentate gyrus inputs

Answer 2

entorhinal cortex

Question 3

Dentate gyrus output

Answer 3

Hippocampus proper

Question 4

Dentate gyrus functions

Answer 4

• integration center for cortical input
• episodic memory

Question 5

Hippocampus proper inputs

Answer 5

• dentate gyrus
• entorhinal cortex

Question 6

Information flow of hippocampus proper

Answer 6

EC —> DG —> CA3 —> CA1 —> EC

Question 7

Hippocampus proper outputs

Answer 7

• entorhinal cortex
• subiculum

Question 8

Phineas Gage

Answer 8

Frontal lobe lesions that lead to personality changes

Question 9

Epilepsy

Answer 9

Abnormal or excessive synchronous discharges in the cerebral cortex; self-limiting

Question 10

Acute symptomatic seizure

Answer 10

Self limited; known cause (injury, stimulation, etc.)

Question 11

Unprovoked seizure

Answer 11

Not a known cause

Question 12

Status epilepticus

Answer 12

Prolonged seizures where patient does not return to consciousness

Question 13

Seizure treatment

Answer 13

Anticonvulsants, surgery

Question 14

Focal seizure

Answer 14

• one hemisphere
• may or may not compromise awareness
• presentation depends upon the precise area

Question 15

Generalized seizure

Answer 15

• both hemispheres
• not a spreading phenomena of what would once have been called complex seizures but appears bilaterally from onset
• absence seizures

Question 16

Unknown seizures

Answer 16

• no known origin
• may present with spams that cannot be traced

Question 17

Patient H.M.

Answer 17

• seizures that resulted in a bilateral partial temporal lobe resection
• could not form new memories and recall anything from 3 previous years

Question 18

Memory by encoding

Answer 18

• sensory memory
• semantic memory
• procedural memory
• spatial memory

Question 19

Memory by duration

Answer 19

• immediate
• short term
• long term

Question 20

Sensory memory

Answer 20

• Millisecond awareness of sensory input
• visual sensory memory
• echoic
• tactile
• olfactory
• gustatory

Question 21

Semantic memory

Answer 21

Ability to recall words, concepts, and numbers

Question 22

Episodic memory

Answer 22

Ability to recall specific events that happened to you personally

Question 23

Procedural memories

Answer 23

• Task completion
• includes cerebellum and basal ganglia

Question 24

Transfer of information

Answer 24

• rehearsal
• making different and new connections

Question 25

Memory engrams

Answer 25

Trace of a memory in the brain that can be extracted when the memory is requested; physical unit of memory

Question 26

Hippocampal place cells

Answer 26

Identified populations of cells within the hippocampus that have been observed to have higher activity only in select 3D spaces

Question 27

Alzheimer’s disease

Answer 27

- Presents with memory loss - short and long term impairments - inability to navigate - loss of episodic memories

Question 28

End stage Alzheimer’s disease

Answer 28

- hypo-frontality, risk taking behaviors - accidents and falls - lose ability to swallow and eat- death by aspiration and pneumonia

Question 29

Grid cells

Answer 29

Generate virtual maps of the surroundings that resemble grids of repeating triangles

Question 30

Parahippocampal gyrus

Answer 30

- Cortical layer of brain surrounding the hippocampus - entorhinal cortex

Question 31

Parahippocampal gyrus function

Answer 31

- Long-term memory storage - spatial memory

Question 32

Parahippocampal gyrus output

Answer 32

Dentate gyrus