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BIOS 483 > Cerebellum > Flashcards

Cerebellum Flashcards

1
Q

Anticipatory feed-forward mechanism

A

Predict disturbances, using prewired responses modified by experience and improves with practice; responses occur before voluntary movements

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2
Q

Compensatory feed-back mechanism

A

Occur following loss of balance or body; sway automatic and extremely rapid continuously refined by practice, learning

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3
Q

Sensory input

A

From visceral, cutaneous and proprioceptive receptors trigger anticipatory and/or compensatory postural adjustments

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4
Q

Proprioceptors involved in postural movements

A

Important in changes of the neck (rotation, tilting)

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5
Q

Vestibular involved in postural movements

A

Sense sway via head motion

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6
Q

Visual info involved in postural movements

A

Input detect motion in visual fields

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7
Q

Hierarchy of command centers

A
  1. Cerebellum
  2. Basal nuclei
  3. Motor cortex
  4. Brain stem nuclei
  5. Spinal cord
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8
Q

Motor Cortex

A

Voluntary actions of the limbs

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9
Q

Basal ganglia

A

Loop circuits with cortex compares function, posture, and muscle

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10
Q

Cerebellum

A

Projects to brainstem and cortex coordination and accuracy of movement

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11
Q

Brainstem nuclei

A

Vestibular and visual info influencing movement integration of reflexes, postural adjustments, lower motor neurons (nuclei) of several cranial nerves

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12
Q

Spinal cord

A

Reflexes, spinal tracts, and LMNS

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13
Q

Cerebellum functions

A
  • directly regulates and coordinates execution of specific movements
  • coordinates hand and eye movements
  • compares movement intention with performance and makes adjustments
  • regulates muscle tone
  • aides in motor learning
  • involved in accuracy in rate, range and direction of movement
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14
Q

Lobes of the cerebellum

A
  1. Anterior
  2. Posterior
  3. Flocculonodular
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15
Q

Folia

A

Folds on the surface of the cortex increase surface area

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16
Q

Vestibulocerebellum

A
  • equilibrium/balance
  • receives input from semicircular canals, otolithic organs, and superior colliculus; adjusts axial muscles to maintain balance and coordination of eye movements
17
Q

Spinocerebellum

A
  • adjustment of ongoing movements
  • regulation of muscle tone
  • compensation for small variations in loads encountered during movement
  • smoothing out oscillations (tremors)
  • correcting for deviations of intended movements
18
Q

Cerebrocerebellum

A
  • planning of limb movements
  • center of complex feedback circuits modulating motor commands
19
Q

Hemispheres of the cerebellum are separated into:

A
  • flocculondular lobe: vestibulocerebellum
  • vermis: spinocerebellum
  • intermediate zone: spinocerebellum
  • lateral zone: cerebrocerebellum
20
Q

Gray matter nuclei anatomy from lateral to medial

A
  • dentate
  • emboliform
  • globose
  • fastigial
21
Q

Cortical layers of cerebellar cortex

A
  • molecular (superficial)
  • purkinje (middle): motor activity
  • granular (deepest): relay info from CNS to cerebellar cortex
22
Q

Inputs to the cerebellum

A

Input from:
- cerebral cortex
- olive (in medulla) and other brainstem nuclei
- vestibular input
- peripheral proprioception (extrapyramidal spinal cord tracts)

23
Q

Proprioceptors

A

Muscles, joints and skin

24
Q

Proprioception information enters:

A

Inferior cerebellar peduncle

25
Q

Inferior cerebellar peduncle tracts

A
  • dorsal spinocerebellar tract: lower limb
  • cuneocerebellar tract: upper limb
  • ventral spinocerebellar tract: lower limb
  • rostral spinocerebellar tract: upper limb
26
Q

Unconscious sensation tract

A

Spinocerebellar tracts

27
Q

Conscious sensation tracts

A

DCML and anterolateral tracts

28
Q

Projection of cerebellum

A

Projection to the cerebral cortex via thalamus

29
Q

Alcohol and cerebellum

A

Can cause:
- increased GABA inhibition of granule cells
- slurred speech, loss of coordination and balance
- cerebellar degeneration with long term abuse
- possible nystagmus, memory loss, confusion, psychosis

30
Q

Diseases affecting cerebellum

A
  • ataxia
  • intention tremor
  • hypotonia
  • broad based stance
  • past pointing/dysmetria
  • clumsy gait
  • moving trunk side to side
  • scanning speech
31
Q

Ataxia

A

Loss of muscle control in arms and legs that may lead to lack of balance, coordination and trouble walking

32
Q

Hypotonia

A

Decrease in muscle tone

BIOS 483 (14 decks)

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