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BIOS 483 > Basal Ganglia > Flashcards

Basal Ganglia Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of basal ganglia/nuclei

A
  • influence muscle movements
  • regulate intensity of slow or stereotyped movements
  • filter out incorrect/inappropriate responses
  • inhibit unnecessary movements
  • habit formation
  • cognition and emotion
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2
Q

Basal ganglia structures

A
  • caudate
  • putamen
  • globus pallidus
  • subthalamic nuclei
  • substantia nigra
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3
Q

Basal ganglia input

A

Input from cerebral cortex

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4
Q

Basal ganglia output

A

Output to frontal lobes via thalamus and to brainstem

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5
Q

Caudate nucleus functions

A
  • execution of movement (voluntary skeletal movement)
  • learning and memory
  • reward
  • motivation and emotion
  • romantic interaction
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6
Q

Caudate nucleus input

A
  • cortex
  • substantia nigra
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7
Q

Caudate nucleus output

A
  • globus pallidus
  • substantia nigra
  • thalamus
  • hippocampus
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8
Q

Caudate nucleus damage

A
  • parkinson’s
  • huntington’s
  • dementia
  • ADHD
  • bipolar disorder
  • OCD
  • Schizophrenia
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9
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

Causes unintended or uncontrollable movements such as shaking, stiffness, and difficulty with balance and coordination

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10
Q

Parkinson’s disease caused by

A

Death of dopamine neurons in the striatum; build up of lewy bodies (clumps of alpha synuclein)

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11
Q

Parkinson’s disease symptoms

A
  • tremors
  • muscle stiffness
  • slowness of movement
  • impaired balance
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12
Q

Parkinson’s disease treatment

A

L-DOPA

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13
Q

Huntington’s disease

A

Inherited condition involving death of neurons in the basal ganglia

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14
Q

Huntington’s disease symptoms

A
  • Mood and/or mental abilities
  • swallowing issues
  • lack of coordination/gait
  • chorea (hyperkinetic movements)
  • dementia
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15
Q

Huntington’s disease treatment

A

Tetrabenazine

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16
Q

Putamen functions

A
  • regulation of movement (preparation and execution)
  • learning (hate circuit)
  • gender identity
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17
Q

Putamen input

A
  • cortex
  • substantia nigra
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18
Q

Putamen output

A
  • thalamus
  • globus pallidus
  • substantia nigra
19
Q

Putamen damage

A
  • alzheimer’s
  • parkinson’s
  • huntingtons’
  • dementia
  • tourette’s
  • schizophrenia
  • depression
  • ADHD
20
Q

Globus pallidus functions

A
  • regulation of voluntary movement
  • subconscious movement
21
Q

Globus pallidus input

22
Q

Globus pallidus outputs

A
  • subthalamic nuclei (external)
  • thalamus
23
Q

Globus pallidus damage

A

Parkinson’s disease

24
Q

Subthalamic nuclei functions

A
  • intended movement
  • impulsivity
  • start/stop tasks
25
Subthalamic nuclei inputs
Globus pallidus
26
Subthalamic nuclei output
Substantia nigra (pars compacta)
27
Subthalamic nuclei damage
- parkinson’s - huntington’s
28
Substantia nigra functions
- reward - movement
29
Substantia nigra input
Striatum (pars reticulata)
30
Substantia nigra output
- thalamus - superior colliculus - cross talk between both structures
31
Pars compacta projection
Projection to basal ganglia circuit
32
Pars reticulata projection
Projection to the rest of the brain
33
Substantia nigra damage
- parkinson’s - schizophrenia - addiction
34
Thalamacorticol pathway
- Basal ganglia to thalamus to motor cortex - unlock desired preprogrammed movement patterns, sequenced patterns
35
Direct pathway
Excitation of cortex
36
Indirect pathway
Inhibition of cortex
37
Disturbances in pathway
Result in production of involuntary movement or cessation of movement
38
Nigrostriatal pathways
- Bilateral dominergic pathway that connects the substantia nigra (pars compacta) with the dorsal straitum
39
Nigrostriatal pathway function
Release dopamine that synapse onto striatal GABA neurons (medium spiny neurons)
40
Modulation of direct and indirect pathways in nigrostraital pathways
- synapse onto D1 receptor neurons: increase direct path - synpase onto D2 receptor neurons: increase indirect path
41
Direct route within basal nuclei
Stimulate cortex: - cortex stimulates striatum (glutamate) - striatum inhibits (GABA) the tonic release of GABA from the FPint/SNpr - the uninhibited thalamus releases glutamate and stimulates the cortex
42
Indirect route within the basal nuclei
Inhibit cortex: - striatum (GABA) inhibits the tonic release of GABA from GPext - the uninhibited subthalamic nucleus now releases glutamate and stimulates the GPint/SNpr - GPint/SNpr releases GABA inhibiting the thalamus and cerebral cortex
43
Substantia nigra releases:
Releases dopamine - stimulates direct route - inhibits indirect route

BIOS 483 (14 decks)

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