HH late empire Flashcards
death of TTG
395- succeded by honorius and arcadius
age of arcadius
17/18
age of honorius
10
death of arcadius
408 succeded by 7yo theodosius 2
end of honorius
423- succeded by 5yo valentinian 3
1/2 sister of arcadius and honorius and mother of valentinian 3
galla placidia
pacidia’s daughter
honoria
daughter of valentinian 3
GP the younger
wife of arcadius
emp. eudoxia
sister of theodosius 2
pulcheria
wife of theodosius 2
eudocia
daughter of theodosius 2 and wife of valentrinian 3
eudoxia
son of a Vandal who had served in the Roman army,
Stilicho
Stilicho’s wife
serena neice of theodosius
Stilicho’s military success under theodosius
magister utriusque militiae, master of both cavalry and infantry, when Theodosius marched west against Arbogast.
rufinus vs stilicho
rufinus is praetorian gaurd of arcadius and dissagrees with stilicho about illyricum stilcho casually shows up captures alaric then gets gainus to kill rufinus and surrender the troops at constantinople
401 aleric
invades italy, causing stilicho to mass divert tropops frm the north
last day of 406
large numbers of Vandals, Suevi,
Alans, and other tribes crossed the frozen Rhine
into Gaul.
Constantine the bad one
commander in brittan who userped power in the west with support from germans
end of stilicho
defeats constantine the aleric invades noricum and requests 4000 pounds of gold silico says ok so jealous senotors spread rumors to honorius who executes him in 408
aleric attacks rome #1
honorius refuses to honor the agreement made by stilicho so aleric seiges rome honorius runs to ravenna’s swamp leading to alric declaring priscus attulus emporer in the west
concessions by attulus
Aleric= magister
utriusque militiae,
Adolph=count of the
domestics.
sack of rome by aleric
august 24 410– aleric and his general sarus sack rome on behalf of honorius afetr betraying attus
death of aleric
at consentia due to travel complications burried under the busentus river
aleric’s successor
adolph
honorius and adolph in 412
they help honorius then he doesnt pay and they seize narbo
end of adolph
chased to spain by constatius(the commander) then assasiated in 415
adoph successor
wallia-
visigth under wallia
helped for a while with the vandals then settled peacefully in gaul untill theodoric became a thing
The Vandals, Alans, and Suevi
made freinds with the romans then beat up by the visigoths and all became vandals under King Gunderic. In 428, Gunderic was succeeded by his able and ambitious brother Gaiseric.
how did valentinian 3 come to power
he is son of constantius the general and galia placida. he was estranged r=from honorius and flead to theodosius the second in the east then when honorius died he replaced the userper john
the affairs in 429
placida, regent of valentinian 3 defeats john who was suported by aetius who had a hunn army. the boniface revolts i africa and is supported by vandals boniface then gets controll of aetius’ land and aetius goes to complain to the huns
attila ascention
443 over the huns
reasons for attilla attacking the west
honoria asked him for help gettig power, gaiseric the vandal asked for him to attack visigoths
mauronic plane
attilla looses to burgundines, franks, visigoths under theodoric, and aetius fight him to a draw
end of attila
pope leo diplomicies, a plauge hits teh hunns and he dies consumating his marriage to the sister of a burgundine king
two groups of franks
ripuarians, and salians
angles, saxons, and jutes
raid and settle in brittan untill the romans finally leave in 442
the vandals in africa
effectively take all of africa eventually being recognized as an independant king dom in 442 afetr conquering almost all of africa
end of aetius
assasinated by a plot lead by the senator petronius maximus in 454
the end of valentinian 3 and ensuing struggle
valentinian sides with olybrius a senator then petronius maximus was blocked from power by heraclius so he murders valentinian and heraclius
vandal sacking of rome
in 455 maximus marries huneric(son of gaiseric)’s match and so gaiseric sacks rome
avitus, majoran and the rise of ricimer
at first everyone exept gaiseric of the vandals recognized avidus but then ricimer manuvered politically and got people to generally accept majoran as maximmus’ successor
the end of majoran
he didn’t get grain and so ricimer deposed and executed him
libius severous
ricimer appoints and then poisens #2
anthemus
appointed by leo, emporer in the east, then leo fails to depose gaiseric
olybrius
appointed by ricimer then both died#3
ricimer;s successor
gundobad
guundobad- augustulus
gundobad appoints glycerus then leaves to become king of the burgandines, leo then appoints julius nepos who deposes glycerius, then orestes was appointed general in germany and replaces nepos with romulus augustulus who is 12
odoacer’s acent
orestes fails to grant the german mercimnaries land in italy so they dewpose him and appoint odoacer
zeno recognizes odoacer
after odoacer becomes patricus but they still hate each other
theodoric the amal pre deal with zeno
leader of the ostrogoths raiding and pillaging western bysantium
theodoric beats odoacer
after a 4 year invasion started by zeno paying money
zeno’s successor
anastasius`
frankish ruler
clovis
arcadius’ boss
rufinus untill assasinated by gainus the ostrogoth
gainus the ostrogoth
assasinated rufinus then tried to stilicho then was mobbed out of constantinople
leaders of the anti german faction in the east
eudoxia, the PP aurelian
eudoxia in 400
made augusta
st. john chrysostom
golden mouthed bishob of constantimople anti women
arcadius successor
theodosius 2–7yo– instituted b/c pulceria is his sis
anthemus
well connected PP who troed to supplant theodosius 2 but failed b/c pulcheria
vow of viginity
pulcheria and her sisters
pulcheria in 414
made augusta and reent of theo 2
eudocia rise
originally athenais daughetr of the greek philosopher leontius she was married to theo2 by the helanist faction in constantinople undercutting the deeply christian eudoxia
university in constantinople
theodosius 2
theodosian code
made by theo 2– confirmed by val 3 a code of laws
daughters of eudodcia
eudoxia ty wife of val 3, flavilla
cyrill of alexandria
powerful supporter of eudoxia b/c virginity and piety
pulceria and mary
mary exhaulted at council of ephesus thus helping pulceria, a fellow virgin
theodosius’ chamberlin
the eunuch
Chrysaphius,– out manuvered both wemon
eudocia after chrysaphius
religion in jeruselem with melania the younger a christian ascetic
yazdgard
persian king tolerent of christians
why does bahram 5 hate christians?
they burned zorostrian alter
theo 2’s reponse to bahram 5’s anti christiantity
invades after being persuaded by pulcheria
the war with bahram 5
fails horribly leading to an indebtment of 350 pounds of gold every year to the huns thus disgraing pulcheria
dounfal of crysaphius
fails to assasinate attila so the nobles resent him for taxes and he dies
nestorius bisob of constantinople
said that christ was o two substances which lead to him being baneshed by pulcheria after being defeatd by cyrill at the council of ephasus
eutyches
argues that christ was of both human and divine nature and was disgraced depite his conection with crysaphius
asbar
part goth part alan rose under pulcheria then crysaphius gets zeno to beat him then zeno(Tarasicodissa) becomes his own political actor
the rise of marcian
after the death of theo 2 elevated bt asbar and pulcheria
the death of theo 2
falls off a horse while huntig
ended tribute to attila
pulcheria and marcian end it
anthemus son of anthemus
marries first daughter of marcian in order to please the senate
senatorial pick for marcian’s successor
anthemus
aspar’s pick for marcian’s successor
leo 1
leo’s manuvers against aspar
god body gaurds and married his daughter ariadne to zeno
who installed anthemus in the west
leo
death of aspar
leo and zeno lure him into the palace and then the eunics kill him
leo vs theodoric strabo
theo askes for asbar’s job and thrace leo refuses so war then theo gets asbar’s job and 2000 pounds of goal a year
zeno’s son by ariadne
leo2
rise of zeno
leo2 makes him co emporer
who revolted against zeno
verina and theodoric strabo
zeno gets peace
amal and strabo and verina plot lots then amal survives becomes king of the ostrogoths and came to an agreement with zeno against odoacer
bishob of antioch
john, enamy of cyrill
cyril supported what
monophysites
diosorus
extreame monopysite bishob of alexandria
4th ecumenical council
called by pope leo 1 and marcian iat it Chalcedon
condemned Eutyches for heresy once more,
deposed Dioscorus,
rise of anastasius
respected user in the imperial council appointed successor to zeno by ariadne
insuarian revolt under anastasius
dissapointed by zeno’s brother being passed over, they revolted for 7 years
king kawad 1
persian who fought anastasius to a draw
anastasius vs the bulgars
bulgars unite ex attila huns to attack thrace and illyria
the Long Wall
built by anastasius against bulgars
abolished crysargion on crafts men
anastasius
vindicies
appointed by anastasius to oversee axes
rumers after constantine’s death
his half brothers and his sons were all butchered after ot was ruered they killed constantine only gallus and julian survived
origin of the rumers
constantius the second (2nd son of fausta) being a jerk
sons of fausta/ constantine’s succession
eldest- constantine 2nd gets the west
youngest- constans gets africa, italy and illyria
middle- constantantius 2 gets the east
quarrell in 340
constantine attacks constans in itlay, is killed and constans now ruules all of the west
22 May 337
death of constantine 1
why as constans unpopular
despite beating the brittish and gauls, he drove his men hard and had inflation
magnentius
high-ranking officer of British and Frankish ancestry, overthrew and executed Constans in 350
end of magnentous
Meanwhile, Constantius II had been defending the East against the Persian King Shapur (Sapor) II (309–379). He disengaged himself
from the Persians and defeated Magnentius in
a series of battles beginning in 351. Magnentius
finally committed suicide in 353 and left
Constantius II as sole emperor.
gallus made ceaser
apointed by constantius 2 in 351 ag\fetr marying constantina
death of gallus
constantius gaets jelly in 354 and recalls him. his wife dies in travel buildng a beutiful mauseleum. onstantisu killed, julian survives only because eusebia interviens on his behalf
eusebia
wife of constantius, super cool, one of the only surviving reletives of constantine.
julian appointed ceaser
with the support of eusebia, when constantius 2 s fighting in the danube but gaul rebells in 355 he marrys helena
julian successes as ceaser
357-359– rocks it in the rhine
julian becomes sole emporer
afetr the death of eusebia julians position was weak and constantius 2 tried to take his troops in 359, they refuse and provlame julian emporer, then helena dies, then constantius refuses to settles and tries to attach, then he dies from natural causes and everyone defects to julian 361
constantia
posthumous daughter of constantius 2
closing of all pagan temples
constantius 2 in 356
constantius religuion
oruinginally aryan then called two councils at arminium and selucia thay both sayed that christ was of the body of the father then meet together at constantinople
dates of julian’s rule
361-363
julian’s teacher
bishob george of cappadoia
why the apostate?
cuz he pagan
antioich and julian
they hate him/ignore him
julian vs persians
in 363 initially successful the fails to take ctesiphon then is harrassed by shapur
death of julian
attempts to rally the troops then is hit in the chest by a spear (allegedly by a christain roman) on june 26 363
jovian dates of rule
363-feb 364
the first choice for julian’s sucessor
Saturnius Secundus Salutius
julian’s successor
jovian, a christian
jovian’s rule
negotiated with shapur then repealed julian’s anti chriatn stuff then died
valentinian1 dates of rule
364-375
valens dates of rule
valens
procopius and faustina
rebel in gaul against valentinian then loose in 365,366
vs in the west
valentinian
vs in the east
valens
death of valentinian 1
stroke in 375 negotiating with the quadi replaced by gratian
wife of valentinan 1
constantia
valens war pre adrianople
successful restoration of arminia then turns back
aug 9 378
adrainople
gothic revolt in 377
goths mis treated by romans then join huns and revolt
battle of adrainople 378
valens figts goths kinda acedentally then everone dies
defensor civitatis
established under valentinain- proteted the people
Theodosius(the one in 376)
put down a revolt in firmus in africa revealed corruption then was executed
gratian
succeded valentinian had the 4yo valentinian 2 as coemporer the accepted theodosius TG as cocoemporer in 379
valentinian 2’s regents
marobaudes and justinia
TTG first move
Makes a settlement with the visigoths
gratian and the edict of toleration
repealed at the influence of ambrose
gratian’s religion
aggressively ant pagan bff with ambrose
magnus maximius
brittish general revolted against gratian, kills him in 383 then theodosius initially accepts him as co emporer then turns on him and kills him in 387 placing valentinian 2 under arbrogast in charge of the west
arbrogast’s revolt
valentinian gets hanged then eugenius teams up with arbrogast and then everyone gets beat up by theodosius at frigidus river
death of theodosius
395b in milan empire split between 10yo honorius and 16yo arcadius (weast and east resp.)
theo religion
banned paganism under influence of ambrose
Diocletian rises
284
theodosius dies
395
death of carinus
285
cavalry commander under gallienus in moesia
diocletion
diocletion’s first act
appointing maximian caesar of the west(gaul)
bacaudae
peasent rebellion in gaul put down by maximian lead to him being elevated to augustus in 286
gesoriacum
naval base in bononia founded by maximian and commanded by m. aurelius carausius
carausius
commander under maximian, rebelled becoming a pirate king and emporer of the north
287 ad- diocletion
successful negotiations with
the Persian King Bahram (Vahram, Varahan,Varanes) II (276–293) obtained Persian re-
nunciation of claims to Roman Mesopotamia and recognition of Rome’s ally Tiridates “III”
(261–317) as the legitimate king of Armenia.
duration of tetrarchy
293-312
diocletion’s ceaser
gaius gallerius
maximian’s ceaser
constantius chlorus(great’s dad, pale face)
intermarriages
valeria+galerius
theodora+constantius
maxintius valeria maxamillia
valeria
dio daughter
theodora
maximian’ daughter
valeria maximilla
galerius daughter
maximian’s regions
upper rhine upper danube and a little italy
constantius chlorus’ regions
middle/lower rhine, gaul, later brittan
galerius’ regions
from 293-296 gaurded palastine egypt and euphrates from antioch then from 299-311 thessalonica lower danube balkins and macedonia/thrace
diocletion’s regions
mostly asia minor and middle/ lower danube then from 299-302 asia minor teh levant and egypt
constantius vs carausius
the former captured geseriacum and defeated german allies of teh latter then the latter was assasinated by his allies in 293 leading to roman rule restporing by 296
constantius in 298
beats alemanni thus fortifing the rhine region
narses
(293–302),
overthrew Bahram II and began to subvert the
treaty of 287. He also promoted the religious be-
liefs of the Manichees (p. 398), whose missionary
activities raised Roman suspicions.
galerius + diocletion vs narses
war starts in 296 after narses drives off tiridated 3 diocletion won a victory early in the war(possible 297) Galerius gets reenforcemets with valeria and then wins teh war
belemmyes
raided egypt until galerius stoped them around 295,294
Domitius Domitianus
and Aurelius Achilleus’ revolt
in egypt because taxes diocleation puts it down after 8 month seige of alexandria in 297
jovius
diovleation’s title
herculius
maximinian
Sacred Consistory (sacrum consis-
torium)
imperian consilium uner diocleation
diocese
the 12 administrative districts supervising governers lead by a vicar
who divided italy into 12 proivences
diocletion
provinces before and after diocleation
40 to 105
supervised vicars
prefects ruling over prefectures
military provincial leader
dukes
diocletion military size changes
400,000 to 500,000
legion size in diocletion
5500
constantius hq
trier
maximian hq
milan
galerius hq
sirmium
diocletion’s hq
nicomedia
comitatis
personal gaurd of the tetrarch
diolction’s silver coin
introduced 293
edict on maximum prices
diocletion passed it in 301, bad idea if you overcharge you die
diocletion vs christians
started in 299 after a 40 year truce between pagans and christians started by gallerius
prisca
christian wife of diocletion
the 4 anti christan edicts
the first lead to a fire in the imperial palace and rebellion in syria the next two responded to that and the final was a poer grab by gallerius
diocletion’s abdication
may 1st 305 at the same time as maximian
the augusti after dicletion and maximian
daia and severus
dio’s retirement plan
go to split his wife and daughter stay in politics
asclepiodotus
pp under constantius defeated allectus
allectus
killed carausius, was killed by asclepiodotus
son of Constantiu Chlorus
CTG
Maximian’s ceaser important
CTG
Helena
CTG’s mom distorted by historians
CTG’s bday
272,273 near naissus or nis or nish in moesia(dardainia/serbia)
Chlorus’ re mairage
289 to theodoro daughter of maximian
diocletion’s ward
constantine
306-312
rise of constantine
constantine’s first command
successful in galerius’ persian wars
senior augustus in 305
chlorus in name only
army advisor in galerius’ court
CTG
the death of constantius chlorus
constantine disobeys galerius and joins his dad to defeat the picts in 306 they meet up in gesoracum(not york like is commonly said) then constantius dies at eboracum
immidiate events after constantius’ death
constantine is declared augustu sin the west by troops in july 25 306 he refuses then becomes severus’ ceaser and shares a consulship with galerius in 307
maximian’s rebellion start
declares himself augustus in rome after he gets nothing from the death of chlorus
severus vs maxentius/maximian
fails and surreers to maximian in rome in 307 then is killed by maxentius in the fall of 307
constantine after the death of severus
sides with maximian and maxentius agenst galerius in extange for becoming augustus
constantine’s first wife
minervina- mother of crispus divorced after he sides with maximian
constantine’s second wife
fausta- daughter of maximian they were previosly betrothed 14 years earlier
betrail in 308
maximian betrays maxentius and flees to constantine while galerius consolidates
carnuntum
conference in april 308 - maximian resigns, maxentius is denounced as a traitor, licinius made augustus in the west, constantine and daia do not attend and refuse to be demoted
galerius yeilding
in 309-310 made constantine and daia as augusti
maximian’s 2nd revolt
against constantine ended in his suicide in 310
constantine’s new claim in 310
deifies himself as sol invictus(patron of claudius gothicus and aurelian) and decendent of claudius gothicus
the edict of religios tolerence
passed in 311 days before galerius dies of cancer after whicg daia overruns galerius’ provences
stae of affairs at teh end of 311
constantin e and licinus are allied agains daia and maxentius east vs west
constantine vs maximian
constantine invades italy in 312 defating an expeditionary force at turin and then met constantine at a pitched battle at milvian bridage
milvian bridge
maximian built pontoon bridge and set up at saxa rubra constantine possibly saw in hoc signo vices and painted chi rho on his sheilds leading to him winning the battle
contemparary signs
Constantine’s arch of triumph includes
a representation of the Unconquered Sun and
inscriptionally claims that he achieved victory
by the intervention of an unnamed divine power
(instinctu divinitatis) and by his own greatness
of mind (mentis magnitudine).
state of affairs in early 313
constantine licinius and daia are all ruling edict of milan passes at the wedding of constantia and licinius and christianity is made fully leagle
the end of daia
captured bysantium in 313 then defeated by licinius at adrianople and bosphorus and chased untill death
the reasons for the first war between constantine and licinius
constantine marries his sister anastasia to bassinus the heir apparent to the ceasership in italy then licinus asks bassinus to assasinate constantine constantine finds out and kills bassinus in 316
end/ outcombs of the first war between licinus and constantine
inconlusive they agree to leave each other alnone wo]ith thrace staying with licinus and everyting else to the west going with constantine
edict 318
bishobic courts recognised
321
constantine gives more to the christians
donatist scism
african christians scism against the bishob of carthage caecilianus in favor of donatus who was more seirious about those who previously denounced thier faith CTG sides with the pope
the arian controversy
bishob alexander fights with arius about the substance of christ licinius resumed persecutions in 320
constantine becoming sole emporer
constantine interveins against goths in thrace in 323 afetr being mad about christian persecution under licinius then beat licinius in an uneventful battle constantine first baneshed him to thessolonica then killed him 6 months later
the new imperial slogan under constantine
one rule one world one creed
constantia
licinius’ widower, active member of the court who corosponded with Eusebius of caearea
eutropia
only sister of constantine to survive purges wife od virius nepotianus her son became empoerer for a month in 350
325
council of nicea
counclil of nicea
began may 20 235 with 300 bishops- It formulated the Nicene Creed,
which, except for some minor modifications adopted at the Council of Constantinople in 381, has remained the creed of most Christian churches to this day. It declared Christ homoou-
sios (of the same substance with the Father), pro-
claimed the Trinity indivisible, excommunicated
Arius, and ordered the burning of his books.
Easter was fixed to fall on the first Sunday after
the first full moon following the spring equinox.
Twenty canons (rules) also were formulated for
the regulation of Church discipline and govern-
ment throughout Christendom.
negatives of nicea
didnt solve the arian problem leading to constantius 2 and valens being arians and teh church having disunity
constantine’s later religios policies
aggresively nicean orthodox declared himself: Isapostolos
constantine’s economy
made the solidus and miliarense new coins(gold and silver) first tax on buisness chrysargyron
constantine’s military
created palace schools put prefets under mps and me he also made clear the authoriyy f governers over dukes made soldiers more civilian
prefects
ruled over one of four praefecture almost totally- gaul italy the east and illyricum
the ne capital
constantinople- op in every way– dedicated on may 11 330– had (potentially) 60,000 pounds of stolen pagan gld
Drama in constantine’s court
crispus son of constatine brn in 327 killed on trumped up cahrges of rape by fausta his step mother helena reveals thet fausta committed adultary with a slave then she “dies in a hot bath”
337
constantine died after being baptiesed by eusebius his tomb would join the apostles at Church of the Holy Apostles.
