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TUDORS > Henry VIII - Break with Rome/Cromwell > Flashcards

Henry VIII - Break with Rome/Cromwell Flashcards

1
Q

Who did Thomas Cromwell serve in the household?

A

Thomas Cromwell served in the household of Thomas Wolsey.

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2
Q

What positions did Cromwell hold in the King’s Council?

A

He became a member of the King’s Council in 1531 and Chancellor of the Exchequer in 1533.

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3
Q

What position was confirmed for Cromwell in April 1534?

A

Henry confirmed Cromwell as his Principal Secretary and chief minister.

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4
Q

What was Cromwell’s role in relation to King Henry?

A

He was Henry’s most important adviser in all matters of policy.

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5
Q

What happened to the King’s Council as Cromwell rose in favor?

A

The King’s Council lost influence as Cromwell rose in the King’s favour.

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6
Q

What was Cromwell’s goal regarding royal authority?

A

Cromwell wanted to ensure that royal authority was maintained effectively in all areas of the country.

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7
Q

What did Cromwell aim to strengthen?

A

He wanted to strengthen central and local administration and keep both under his personal control.

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8
Q

What significant changes occurred in 1536 regarding local governance?

A

In 1536, all existing liberties and franchises were abolished and the Crown alone was given the right to appoint JPs.

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9
Q

What happened to the privileges of sanctuary in 1540?

A

In 1540, most of the privileges of sanctuary were abolished.

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10
Q

What administrative change occurred in Wales in 1536?

A

In 1536, Wales was incorporated into the English administrative system.

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11
Q

What replaced local custom in Wales?

A

Common Law replaced local custom and Wales was ‘shired’.

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12
Q

What did Cromwell ensure from 1535 to 1537 regarding Episcopal power?

A

He ensured that all Episcopal power depended upon the King’s will.

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13
Q

What court did Cromwell set up in 1536?

A

He set up the Court of Augmentations to look after the former monastic estates.

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14
Q

How were the lands sold after the establishment of the Court of Augmentations?

A

The lands were sold on almost feudal terms and gave the King power of wardship and financial dues on the death of the owner.

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15
Q

What was established in 1537 related to land ownership?

A

A Court of Wards was set up in 1537.

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16
Q

How was finance organized under Cromwell?

A

Finance was organised by a Court of First Fruits and Tenths and a Court of General Surveyors; the latter was not created until 1542.

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17
Q

What change occurred in the size of the Privy Council?

A

The Privy Council was reduced from about 70 to 20.

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18
Q

What were the characteristics of the new Privy Council members?

A

All members were henceforth important administrators and large landowners.

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19
Q

What transformation did Cromwell make to the office of Principal Secretary?

A

Cromwell transformed the office from a minor post to the most important under the King.

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20
Q

What regional councils were reorganised in the 1530s?

A

Regional Councils for the North and the Marches of Wales were reorganised.

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21
Q

What temporary council was set up in 1539?

A

A Council of the West was briefly set up in 1539 after the Exeter revolt.

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22
Q

How did Cromwell manage regional governance?

A

Cromwell did not use paid royal officials in the regions; most of the work fell upon unpaid JPs.

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23
Q

What series of laws did Henry and Cromwell pass through Parliament?

A

They declared that the King and not the Pope was head of the Church in England.

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24
Q

What was the effect of Henry’s need for major changes on Parliament?

A

Parliament gained far greater importance.

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25
Q

What did the Reformation Parliament assert?

A

The supreme authority, or sovereignty, of Parliament in making statute.

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26
Q

What did Henry VIII tell the Parliament about royal power?

A

He stated that they stood highest in their royal estate during the time of Parliament.

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27
Q

What did Henry VIII realize about royal power?

A

It was at its strongest when expressed through parliamentary statute.

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28
Q

What are the three components necessary for legislation?

A

King, Lords, and Commons.

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29
Q

What was the role of Parliament after 1534?

A

It largely reverted to approving extra financial resources in times of need.

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30
Q

How did the Reformation Parliament affect the power of the Crown?

A

It increased the power of the Crown, giving the King control of new areas of policy.

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31
Q

What did the Act in Restraint of Appeals declare in 1533?

A

It declared that all legal cases arising in England could be finally decided and determined in England.

This made it illegal to appeal to any outside or foreign power, such as the Pope.

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32
Q

What was the implication of the Act in Restraint of Appeals regarding appeals to Rome?

A

The Act implied that appeals to Rome had always been illegal.

33
Q

What did the Act of Succession declare in 1534?

A

It declared that since Henry had never been married to Catherine of Aragon, Princess Mary was a bastard and could not inherit the throne.

34
Q

Who were considered the true heirs to the throne according to the Act of Succession?

A

The children born to Anne Boleyn and Henry were considered the true heirs to the throne.

35
Q

What did the Act of Supremacy establish in 1534?

A

It made official that Henry was the Supreme Head on earth of the Church in England.

36
Q

What historical claim did the Act of Supremacy reinforce?

A

It declared that Kings of England had always been head of the Church.

37
Q

What actions did Cromwell take following the Acts passed by Parliament?

A

Cromwell enforced the legislation and required members of both houses to swear an oath accepting the Act of Succession.

38
Q

What was the response of Sir Thomas More and John Fisher to the oath?

A

Both refused the oath offered to them on 13 April.

39
Q

What significant change did the Treason Act of 1534 introduce?

A

It widened the definition of treason to include words as well as actions.

40
Q

What actions were considered treasonous under the Treason Act?

A

It became treasonous to deny that the King was head of the church or to speak rebellious words against the Royal Family.

41
Q

What position was Cromwell appointed to on 21 January 1535?

A

He was appointed Royal Vicegerent and Vicar-General.

42
Q

What was the purpose of the census conducted by Cromwell in 1535?

A

The census aimed to enable the government to tax church property more effectively: the Valor Eccesiasticus.

43
Q

What was the King’s Supremacy?

A

It was an important doctrinal change indicating that England had broken away from Papal control and was not part of the Catholic Church.

44
Q

What were the Ten Articles of 1536?

A

Passed through Convocation by the bishops, these Articles made limited moves towards Lutheran ideas.

45
Q

Who were interested in a possible alliance with the Lutheran Princes in Germany?

A

The King and Cromwell.

46
Q

What was the doctrine regarding Christ’s body during the mass?

A

Christ’s body was substantially present during the ceremony of the mass, which could be interpreted as either Catholic or Lutheran.

47
Q

What is transubstantiation?

A

The belief that the bread and wine are totally transformed into the body and blood of Christ.

48
Q

What is consubstantiation?

A

The belief that the body and bread co-exist.

49
Q

How was justification viewed in relation to faith and charity?

A

Justification was through faith joined with charity, not as far as the Lutheran idea of Justification by Faith alone.

50
Q

Which three sacraments were discussed in the Ten Articles?

A

Eucharist, Baptism, and Penance.

51
Q

What was The Bishops’ Book of 1537?

A

Officially known as the Institution of a Christian Man, it was drawn up by a committee of bishops to fill gaps left in the Ten Articles.

52
Q

What was Henry VIII’s involvement with The Bishops’ Book?

A

He did not initially approve it and sent Cranmer 250 changes upon review.

53
Q

What were the four lost sacraments rediscovered in The Bishops’ Book?

A

Marriage, Ordination, Confirmation, and Extreme Unction.

54
Q

What did Cromwell’s Injunctions of 1536 require of the clergy?

A

Clergy were to educate children in Christian belief and preach in favor of the Supremacy and the Ten Articles.

55
Q

What was a significant change in the number of Holy Days according to Cromwell’s Injunctions?

A

The number of Holy Days (holidays) was reduced.

56
Q

What actions were taken regarding religious images in Cromwell’s Injunctions of 1538?

A

Religious images were to be taken down, and candles in front of images were forbidden.

57
Q

What was the significance of the English Bible in the Injunctions?

A

Both sets of Injunctions urged the introduction of English Bibles into parish churches, marking a major step towards Protestant theology.

58
Q

What happened during the Reformation on hold period (1538-40)?

A

There were indications of a return to Catholic doctrines, including the execution of reformer John Lambert.

59
Q

What was the Act of Six Articles of 1539?

A

An Act of Parliament that enshrined clear Catholic beliefs, including transubstantiation and clerical celibacy.

60
Q

What did the Act of Six Articles state about communion?

A

Communion in both kinds (bread and wine) was reserved to the clergy, with the laity receiving bread only.

61
Q

What was the stance on auricular confession according to the Act of Six Articles?

A

Auricular confession was deemed ‘expedient and necessary’.

62
Q

Who was Thomas Cromwell?

A

Cromwell was the King’s chief adviser and was in favour of reform.

63
Q

What was Cromwell’s attempt regarding the Schmalkaldic League?

A

Cromwell attempted to link England to the Schmalkaldic League of Protestant princes in Germany, but it went badly wrong.

64
Q

Who did Henry VIII marry after Cromwell’s marriage annulment attempt?

A

Henry married Catherine Howard, niece of the leading conservative, the Duke of Norfolk.

65
Q

What was the impact of Cromwell’s dominant position?

A

His dominant position led to the undermining of conciliar government, creating opportunities for Norfolk and Suffolk to get rid of him.

66
Q

What happened to Cromwell in 1540?

A

He was dismissed and executed for treason.

67
Q

What was Cromwell accused of, and what was his real failure?

A

He was accused of heresy, but his real failure was linked to the disastrous failure of the king’s marriage with Anne of Cleves.

68
Q

What was the consequence of Cromwell’s execution for the reforming party?

A

Without him, the reforming party was seriously weakened, and the conservative faction around Norfolk and Gardiner moved into the ascendancy.

69
Q

Who was the most important supporter of reform?

A

The King was the most important supporter of reform.

70
Q

How was the English Church characterized in relation to the King?

A

The English Church had long been erastian, meaning it was controlled by the King.

71
Q

What was the King’s support for reform like?

A

The King’s support for reform was lukewarm.

72
Q

What did Henry VIII want to achieve through reforming ideas?

A

He wanted to use reforming ideas to break with Rome and achieve the annulment.

73
Q

How did Henry VIII’s support for reformers change over time?

A

His support for reformers dwindled after he achieved annulment and Supremacy.

74
Q

What were Henry VIII’s main religious beliefs?

A

At heart, Henry was a conservative Catholic, which led to a conservative backlash after 1538.

75
Q

What was the general attitude towards religious change among the nobility?

A

There was mostly lukewarm support for religious change among the nobility, characterized by acquiescence.

76
Q

What was the situation of the nobility during the Pilgrimage of Grace in 1536?

A

During the Pilgrimage of Grace, the nobility, including Norfolk, Suffolk, and Shrewsbury, remained loyal to the Crown.

77
Q

How did the nobility view the Reformation?

A

The nobility were often conservative in religious affairs but recognized that the Reformation might lead to material gains.

78
Q

What was the Exeter Conspiracy of 1538?

A

The Exeter Conspiracy involved some members of the aristocracy but existed more in Thomas Cromwell’s imagination than in actual fact.

TUDORS (13 decks)

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