Elizabeth - Foreign Policy

Question 1

What intensified religious difficulties during Elizabeth’s reign?

Answer 1

The foreign situation and interference of foreign powers

Foreign powers underpinned the Catholic threat.

Question 2

What was the religious status of Scotland when Elizabeth came to the throne?

Answer 2

Scotland was officially Catholic

In 1559, Mary Queen of Scots was Queen of France, strengthening the alliance between Scotland and France.

Question 3

What reversed the situation in Scotland during Elizabeth’s reign?

Answer 3

The onset of the Scottish Reformation under John Knox and the removal of French influence

This significantly altered the power dynamics in Scotland.

Question 4

What was the purpose of the Treaty of Berwick (Feb. 1560)?

Answer 4

To provide military assistance to Scots rebels

The Scots government was put in the hands of a Council of Scots nobles led by the Earl of Arran.

Question 5

What did the Treaty of Edinburgh (July 1560) accomplish?

Answer 5

French agreed to withdraw troops from Scotland and recognize Elizabeth as Queen of England

Mary of Guise, who had been regent in Scotland, died in 1560.

Question 6

What happened to Mary Queen of Scots upon her return to Scotland in 1561?

Answer 6

She had little support

English hopes of marrying her to Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, came to nothing.

Question 7

What led to the forcible abdication of Mary Queen of Scots in 1567?

Answer 7

Internal disputes in Scotland and the mysterious death of her second husband, Lord Darnley

Mary was expelled in 1568.

Question 8

How long was Mary Queen of Scots kept in captivity in England?

Answer 8

19 years

There was no significant backing for her claim to the English throne from France or Scotland.

Question 9

What was the leadership situation in Scotland during Mary Queen of Scots’ captivity?

Answer 9

Scots leadership was Presbyterian and governed in the name of Mary’s infant son, James VI

James VI was brought up as a Protestant.

Question 10

True or False: France was stable and supportive of Mary Queen of Scots during her captivity.

Answer 10

False

France was torn apart by Wars of Religion.

Question 11

What event did the Peace of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559 conclude?

Answer 11

It ended the war between England and France, acknowledging England’s loss of Calais to France.

The war had broken out in 1557.

Question 12

What was the purpose of the English occupation of Le Havre in 1562-3?

Answer 12

To aid the French Protestants (Huguenots) against Catholic forces.

The occupation was a military action during the French civil war.

Question 13

What caused the English to surrender Le Havre?

Answer 13

The outbreak of plague.

This surrender dashed hopes of gaining a French port as a replacement for Calais.

Question 14

What did the Treaty of Troyes in 1564 achieve?

Answer 14

It ended the war with France.

This treaty was significant in reducing hostilities between the two nations.

Question 15

Who did Elizabeth propose to marry in 1570 to avert French hostility?

Answer 15

Henry, Duke of Anjou, brother of Charles IX.

This proposal was made during a time when France was engaged in civil war.

Question 16

What was a key concern for France during Elizabeth’s proposal of marriage?

Answer 16

The growing power of Spain.

France was more worried about Spain than about England’s Protestantism.

Question 17

When was Mary, Queen of Scots born?

Answer 17

December 1542

Born in Linlithgow Palace, she was the only child of James V of Scotland and Mary of Guise.

Question 18

Who was Mary, Queen of Scots betrothed to at the age of five?

Answer 18

Henry VIII’s son, Edward

This betrothal was opposed by her Catholic guardians.

Question 19

Where was Mary taken by her guardians to escape the betrothal to Edward?

Answer 19

Stirling Castle

Her guardians were opposed to the match with Edward.

Question 20

To whom was Mary betrothed after being taken to Stirling Castle?

Answer 20

Francis, the French crown

Mary was sent to be raised at the court of Henry II.

Question 21

When did Francis become king?

Answer 21

1559

He died in 1560.

Question 22

What major religious shift occurred in Scotland during Mary’s return?

Answer 22

Scotland became officially Protestant

Mary returned as a Catholic.

Question 23

Who did Mary marry in 1565?

Answer 23

The Earl of Darnley

Their relationship quickly deteriorated.

Question 24

What was the name of Mary’s Italian secretary who was murdered?

Answer 24

David Rizzio

Darnley and Protestant nobles claimed he was having an affair with Mary.

Question 25

How many times was David Rizzio stabbed?

Answer 25

56 times ## Footnote He was dragged from the supper table by Darnley and nobles.

Question 26

What event occurred in February 1567 related to Darnley?

Answer 26

An explosion at the house where he was staying ## Footnote His body was found outside afterwards.

Question 27

Who did Mary marry three months after Darnley's death?

Answer 27

The Earl of Bothwell ## Footnote He was a chief suspect in Darnley's murder.

Question 28

What action did Mary take that turned the Scottish nobility against her?

Answer 28

Mary marrying Bothwell ## Footnote This marriage led to her abdication in July 1567.

Question 29

Where was Mary imprisoned after her abdication?

Answer 29

Lochleven Castle, Kinross-Shire ## Footnote Her imprisonment followed her defeat and abdication.

Question 30

Who became king after Mary's abdication?

Answer 30

Her infant son ## Footnote This occurred while she was imprisoned.

Question 31

What major battle did Mary lose that led her to flee to England?

Answer 31

Battle of Langside ## Footnote This battle was near Glasgow.

Question 32

Who did Mary seek refuge from after fleeing to England?

Answer 32

Her cousin, Elizabeth I ## Footnote Mary hoped for Elizabeth's support.

Question 33

What was Mary's relationship to Henry VIII?

Answer 33

Great granddaughter ## Footnote This gave her a strong claim to the English throne.

Question 34

What did Elizabeth do with Mary after her arrival in England?

Answer 34

Imprisoned her and kept her under surveillance ## Footnote Elizabeth viewed Mary as a threat.

Question 35

What were the plots that involved Mary focused on?

Answer 35

Assassinating Elizabeth and placing Mary on the English throne ## Footnote Mary was not directly involved in these plots.

Question 36

Who was Anthony Babington?

Answer 36

A conspirator plotting to depose Elizabeth ## Footnote Mary corresponded with him in 1586.

Question 37

Who intercepted Mary's letters to Anthony Babington?

Answer 37

Francis Walsingham ## Footnote He was Elizabeth's spymaster.

Question 38

What was the outcome of the intercepted letters?

Answer 38

Elizabeth was convinced Mary would always be a danger ## Footnote This led to Mary's trial for treason.

Question 39

When was Mary tried for treason?

Answer 39

October 1586 ## Footnote She was subsequently condemned to death.

Question 40

What hesitation did Elizabeth have regarding Mary's death warrant?

Answer 40

Dithered over signing it ## Footnote Elizabeth eventually signed the warrant.

Question 41

Where was Mary executed?

Answer 41

Fotheringhay Castle ## Footnote Her execution took place on 8 February 1587.

Question 42

At what age was Mary executed?

Answer 42

44 ## Footnote This was shortly after her trial.

Question 43

What significant event was partly a result of Mary's execution?

Answer 43

Spanish Armada in 1588 ## Footnote The execution heightened tensions between England and Spain.

Question 44

What was the initial state of relations between England and Spain?

Answer 44

At first, relations with Spain were quite cordial.

Question 45

Who was Philip II of Spain married to that influenced his interest in English alliances?

Answer 45

Mary I.

Question 46

What was Spain concerned about in 1558 regarding France?

Answer 46

Spanish worries about French intervention in Burgundy.

Question 47

What proposal did Philip II make to Elizabeth I?

Answer 47

Offered to marry Elizabeth; she politely declined.

Question 48

What threat were the English more concerned about than Spain in the early years of Elizabeth's reign?

Answer 48

French/Scottish threat.

Question 49

When did relations between England and Spain deteriorate to open warfare?

Answer 49

By 1585.

Question 50

What was a significant factor in the worsening of relations between England and Spain?

Answer 50

Elizabeth's paranoia rather than Spanish aggression.

Question 51

What sparked the trade war between England and Burgundy in 1563-4?

Answer 51

Increased taxes on trade imposed by Queen Mary.

Question 52

What event led to the end of the trade war in 1564?

Answer 52

Philip sacked Spanish governor in Burgundy, Cardinal Granvelle.

Question 53

What caused concern for the English in 1567?

Answer 53

Duke of Alva was sent to Burgundy with an army of 50,000 men.

Question 54

What incident occurred in the Caribbean in 1568?

Answer 54

Spanish fleet destroyed a number of English ships at San Juan de Ullua.

Question 55

What action did Elizabeth I take regarding the Spanish silver fleet in 1568?

Answer 55

Took charge of the fleet, which sought shelter in Plymouth.

Question 56

What led to the mutiny of Spanish troops in 1568?

Answer 56

Lack of pay.

Question 57

What was the result of Alva's retaliation after the Spanish troops mutinied?

Answer 57

Seizing English ships in Burgundy's ports.

Question 58

What treaty ended the new trade war after 1568?

Answer 58

Treaty of Bristol in 1574.

Question 59

In what plot was the Spanish ambassador de Spes involved in 1571?

Answer 59

Ridolfi plot.

Question 60

What did Alva refuse to do regarding the Ridolfi plot?

Answer 60

Give military assistance from Burgundy.

Question 61

When did the war between Spain and England effectively start?

Answer 61

1585

Question 62

How long did the war between Spain and England last?

Answer 62

Until 1604

Question 63

What event in 1585 was considered highly provocative by Spain?

Answer 63

English army invaded Burgundy to assist the Dutch rebels

Question 64

What was the size of Leicester's expedition sent in 1585?

Answer 64

About 8,000 troops

Question 65

Who was the leader of the Dutch rebels assassinated in 1584?

Answer 65

William the Silent

Question 66

Which French prince was aiding the Dutch rebels and died shortly after William the Silent?

Answer 66

Duke of Anjou

Question 67

What vital city did the Spanish retake under the Duke of Parma in 1585?

Answer 67

Antwerp

Question 68

What was the outcome for the English army regarding direct assistance to the rebels?

Answer 68

They did nothing to help directly

Question 69

What was Philip persuaded to do as a result of the situation with the Dutch rebels?

Answer 69

Launch an invasion of England

Question 70

In what year was Leicester sent back to Burgundy with even less achievement?

Answer 70

1587

Question 71

Why were the English authorities very worried?

Answer 71

English Catholics might rise to help a Spanish invasion, prolonged warfare would be too expensive for England, English navy powerful but might not be a match for new Spanish Armada. ## Footnote Concerns included the potential for a large-scale conflict and the implications for national security.

Question 72

What significant action did Drake take in 1586?

Answer 72

Drake raided Spanish outposts in the Caribbean, capturing and sacking San Domingo. ## Footnote This attack was part of England's efforts to undermine Spanish power in the region.

Question 73

What did Drake do in 1587?

Answer 73

Drake raised the Spanish port of Cadiz. ## Footnote This was a preemptive strike aimed at disrupting the Spanish Armada's preparations.

Question 74

What was the plan of the Spanish Armada in 1588?

Answer 74

The plan was to link up with Parma in Burgundy and help to transport thousands of Spanish troops to England. ## Footnote This strategy was intended to facilitate a large-scale invasion of England.

Question 75

What contributed to the failure of the attempted invasion by the Armada?

Answer 75

The failure was partly because of the English navy, but mainly because Philip's plan to link his land and sea forces was fatally flawed. ## Footnote Poor coordination between Spanish forces significantly hindered their efforts.

Question 76

What was Philip's optimism regarding English Catholics?

Answer 76

Philip was over optimistic that thousands of English Catholics would rise against Elizabeth's regime. ## Footnote This assumption underestimated the loyalty of many English subjects to Elizabeth.

Question 77

What was the Ridolfi Plot of 1571?

Answer 77

A plan encouraged by the Spanish Ambassador and the Duke of Alva to assassinate Elizabeth

Question 78

Who was involved in the Throckmorton Plot of 1583?

Answer 78

Francis Throckmorton, the Spanish ambassador, and the English Catholic league

Question 79

What was the main goal of the Throckmorton Plot?

Answer 79

To liberate Mary from captivity and kill Elizabeth

Question 80

What happened to Throckmorton in 1584?

Answer 80

He was executed and the Spanish ambassador Mendoza was expelled

Question 81

What was significant about the Babington Plot of 1586?

Answer 81

Walsingham convinced Elizabeth that Mary was directly involved and trapped her by opening her correspondence

Question 82

What was the outcome for Mary after the Babington Plot?

Answer 82

She was put on trial and executed in Fotheringhay Castle

Question 83

Why did Elizabeth hesitate to execute Mary?

Answer 83

Mary was her closest heir and she hesitated to order the execution of another monarch

Question 84

Fill in the blank: The Ridolfi Plot aimed to assassinate _______.

Answer 84

Elizabeth

Question 85

True or False: The Throckmorton Plot involved a plan to free Elizabeth.

Answer 85

False

Question 86

What year did the Babington Plot occur?

Answer 86

1586

Question 87

Fill in the blank: The Spanish commander involved in the Ridolfi Plot was the Duke of _______.

Answer 87

Alva

Question 88

What event in 1588 marked a significant military failure for Spain?

Answer 88

The failure of the Armada

Question 89

What was planned by Spain following the failure of the Armada in 1588?

Answer 89

A second invasion in 1589

Question 90

Who was sent by England in 1589 to destroy a second Spanish fleet?

Answer 90

Sir Francis Drake

Question 91

What was the outcome of Sir Francis Drake's mission in 1589?

Answer 91

Had little success

Question 92

What were the twelve massive galleons rebuilt by Spain called?

Answer 92

The Twelve Apostles

Question 93

How did the Spanish navy improve after 1588?

Answer 93

Proved to be far more effective

Question 94

What system did the Spanish navy implement to enhance its effectiveness?

Answer 94

A sophisticated convoy system

Question 95

What role did improved intelligence networks play in the Spanish navy's strategy?

Answer 95

Frustrated and broke up English privateering

Question 96

By how much did Spanish convoy escorts increase silver shipments in the 1950s?

Answer 96

Three times as much as in the previous decade

Question 97

In what year did the Spanish land a considerable force in Brittany?

Answer 97

1590

Question 98

What was the result of the Spanish landing in Brittany in 1590?

Answer 98

Expelled English and Huguenot forces

Question 99

What significant event occurred in 1596 involving an Anglo-Dutch expedition?

Answer 99

Sacked Cadiz

Question 100

What impact did the sack of Cadiz have on the Spanish fleet?

Answer 100

Caused significant loss and left the city in ruins

Question 101

What was the significance of the sack of Cadiz for England?

Answer 101

Celebrated as a national triumph

Question 102

Whose prestige rivalled Elizabeth's own after the sack of Cadiz?

Answer 102

Essex

Question 103

What year was the Triple Alliance between France, England, and the Dutch signed?

Answer 103

1596

Question 104

How many troops did Elizabeth send to France after the Spanish took Calais?

Answer 104

2,000 troops

Question 105

What was the purpose of the final armada sent by England at the end of 1601?

Answer 105

To land troops in southern Ireland to assist the rebels

Question 106

How many troops did the Spanish enter Kinsale with?

Answer 106

3,000 troops

Question 107

What was the outcome of the Battle of Kinsale?

Answer 107

An English victory

Question 108

What led to the English victory at the Battle of Kinsale?

Answer 108

Lack of communication with the rebels

Question 109

What did the Spanish do after the Battle of Kinsale?

Answer 109

Accepted terms of surrender and returned home

Question 110

How did James I regard himself in relation to Europe?

Answer 110

As the peacemaker of Europe

Question 111

What was James I's first order of business after becoming king?

Answer 111

To negotiate with Spain