Henry VII religion and humanism

Question 1

What are guilds and confraternities?

Answer 1

Voluntary associations of individuals to promote works of Christian charity or devotion

Question 2

What is an Erastian relationship?

Answer 2

Where the state has authority over the church

Question 3

How was the church organised?

Answer 3

There were two provinces York and Canterbury each under the jurisdiction of an archbishop and 17 dioceses (land) which was under a bishop. Some diocese like Durham and Winchester had lots of wealth which allowed senior churchmen to gain power and influence

Question 4

Give two influential churchmen

Answer 4

John Morton and Richard Fox

Question 5

What role was monopolised by clergymen?

Answer 5

Chancellor

Question 6

How were senior churchmen create and give an example

Answer 6

• Often from senior members of aristocracy
• Margaret Beaufort’s great uncle was a cardinal and Bishop of Winchester

Question 7

Who were abbots?

Answer 7

• They were heads of the wealthiest religious houses
• They shared memberships of the house of lords with bishops
• Needed management, administration and spirituality skill
• Not all heads lived to all of the demands and criticism of the monastic life was increasing

Question 8

What were prayers made as?

Answer 8

A collective unit

Question 9

What were the 7 sacraments?

Answer 9

• Baptism
• Confirmation
• Marriage
• Anointing of sick
• Penance
• Holy orders
• Eucharist

Question 10

Why was mass important?

Answer 10

It was a sacrifice performed by the priest on behalf of the community and it brought the community together

Question 11

What was transubstantiation and when was it emphasised?

Answer 11

Where you have the bread and wine of Christ which becomes the body and blood of Christ and it was emphasised at the feast of Corpus Christ

Question 12

What is a pilgrimage and give an example

Answer 12

Pilgrimages give people relief from purgatory. A small pilgrimage took place every Sunday where people would walk around the parish for it’s protection against evil spirits.

Question 13

What is confraternity?

Answer 13

A group of men and sometimes women who gathered together in association with the church to pay for chaplains, funerals, renovations, donations and to socialise

Question 14

What were chantries?

Answer 14

They were chapels built to remember the dead as mass took place in them and a benefactor donated to build them

Question 15

What were guilds?

Answer 15

Areas that could hold power and patronage as they ran schools and helped to maintain the area

Question 16

How did parishes raise money?

Answer 16

Through church ale festivals

Question 17

What percentage of men were monks in 1500?

Answer 17

1%

Question 18

What were religious orders?

Answer 18

The oldest religious order was the Benedictines who were also the largest as they often operated Cathedrals. Cistercians and Carthusians worked in more rural and remote areas

Question 19

What are the types of friars?

Answer 19

• Dominicans
• Franciscans
• Augustinians

Question 20

What were nunneries like?

Answer 20

They were dominated by women and were less popular as they were poor (except Syon in Middlesex) and were seen as a last resort for unmarried women

Question 21

When was burning of Heretics introduced?

Answer 21

1401

Question 22

Who were the Lollards?

Answer 22

It was founded by John Wyecliffe in the late fourteenth century and their aim was to understand the bible as they believed the catholic church was corrupt. They also denied the idea of special status of priesthood. Even though it was heresy, it was popular in the South of England until the Lollard uprising in 1414

Question 23

Did priests promote the beliefs they preached?

Answer 23

No

Question 24

What was Humanism?

Answer 24

It was developed through Renaissance ideas in Florence, Italy. They wanted to establish the reliability of Latin and Greek translations in order to purify the ideas in religious texts. This movement focused on learning and intellectualism in order to create social change

Question 25

Who was William Grocyn?

Answer 25

An early humanist who taught in Oxford university about the ideas of Plato and Aristotle

Question 26

Who was John Colet and how did Humanism grow from him?

Answer 26

He began to apply humanist ideas to the church and was supported by Desiderius Erasmus who focused on the learning aspects of humanism. His ideas grew further in Henry VIII’s reign as Erasmus was friends with Thomas More

Question 27

What were plays usually in association with?

Answer 27

The church

Question 28

Who did song schools and reading schools educate?

Answer 28

The youth

Question 29

How many grammar schools were founded between 1460 and 1509?

Answer 29

53

Question 30

What was beginning to be taught at Oxford?

Answer 30

Greek and Humanism

Question 31

Why did Cambridge have new colleges?

Answer 31

Due to Margaret Beaufort’s donations to the school

Question 32

Who entertained crowds on saints days?

Answer 32

Local bagpipes and wind groups

Question 33

What were single line chants replaced by?

Answer 33

Polyphonic choral music where different parts of the choir snag independent melodic lines

Question 34

What was the Eton choirbook?

Answer 34

It was compiled in 1505 and it had 93 separate compositions from composers who had important status during Henry’s reign like Thomas Browne (member of the Earl of Oxford’s household) and Robert Fayrfax (had patronage from Henry and Margaret Beaufort)

Question 35

What was music in court like?

Answer 35

It was also performed in wealthy homes for special occasions or on a balcony at meal times. Trumpets and sackbuts were used regularly whilst string instruments, recorders and flutes were used in softer music

Question 36

What style were churches rebuilt in and give exampes

Answer 36

Gothic perpendicular style
- Saint Mary Redcliffe in Bristol
- Major Wool churches in East Anglia
- In 1502, Henry approved the style for Lady chapel in Westminster Abbey

Question 37

Who was William Caxton?

Answer 37

He established the printing press in 1476 and he printed Chaucer and other traditional Medieval works like chivalric romances and adaptations of Saint’s lives

Question 38

What was English culture similar to?

Answer 38

Gothic traditions in North Western Europe

Question 39

Who’s work became fashionable to print by 1509?

Answer 39

Colet and More