Henry VII religion and humanism Flashcards
What are guilds and confraternities?
Voluntary associations of individuals to promote works of Christian charity or devotion
What is an Erastian relationship?
Where the state has authority over the church
How was the church organised?
There were two provinces York and Canterbury each under the jurisdiction of an archbishop and 17 dioceses (land) which was under a bishop. Some diocese like Durham and Winchester had lots of wealth which allowed senior churchmen to gain power and influence
Give two influential churchmen
John Morton and Richard Fox
What role was monopolised by clergymen?
Chancellor
How were senior churchmen create and give an example
- Often from senior members of aristocracy
- Margaret Beaufort’s great uncle was a cardinal and Bishop of Winchester
Who were abbots?
- They were heads of the wealthiest religious houses
- They shared memberships of the house of lords with bishops
- Needed management, administration and spirituality skill
- Not all heads lived to all of the demands and criticism of the monastic life was increasing
What were prayers made as?
A collective unit
What were the 7 sacraments?
- Baptism
- Confirmation
- Marriage
- Anointing of sick
- Penance
- Holy orders
- Eucharist
Why was mass important?
It was a sacrifice performed by the priest on behalf of the community and it brought the community together
What was transubstantiation and when was it emphasised?
Where you have the bread and wine of Christ which becomes the body and blood of Christ and it was emphasised at the feast of Corpus Christ
What is a pilgrimage and give an example
Pilgrimages give people relief from purgatory. A small pilgrimage took place every Sunday where people would walk around the parish for it’s protection against evil spirits.
What is confraternity?
A group of men and sometimes women who gathered together in association with the church to pay for chaplains, funerals, renovations, donations and to socialise
What were chantries?
They were chapels built to remember the dead as mass took place in them and a benefactor donated to build them
What were guilds?
Areas that could hold power and patronage as they ran schools and helped to maintain the area
How did parishes raise money?
Through church ale festivals
What percentage of men were monks in 1500?
1%
What were religious orders?
The oldest religious order was the Benedictines who were also the largest as they often operated Cathedrals. Cistercians and Carthusians worked in more rural and remote areas
What are the types of friars?
- Dominicans
- Franciscans
- Augustinians
What were nunneries like?
They were dominated by women and were less popular as they were poor (except Syon in Middlesex) and were seen as a last resort for unmarried women
When was burning of Heretics introduced?
1401
Who were the Lollards?
It was founded by John Wyecliffe in the late fourteenth century and their aim was to understand the bible as they believed the catholic church was corrupt. They also denied the idea of special status of priesthood. Even though it was heresy, it was popular in the South of England until the Lollard uprising in 1414
Did priests promote the beliefs they preached?
No
What was Humanism?
It was developed through Renaissance ideas in Florence, Italy. They wanted to establish the reliability of Latin and Greek translations in order to purify the ideas in religious texts. This movement focused on learning and intellectualism in order to create social change
Who was William Grocyn?
An early humanist who taught in Oxford university about the ideas of Plato and Aristotle
Who was John Colet and how did Humanism grow from him?
He began to apply humanist ideas to the church and was supported by Desiderius Erasmus who focused on the learning aspects of humanism. His ideas grew further in Henry VIII’s reign as Erasmus was friends with Thomas More
What were plays usually in association with?
The church
Who did song schools and reading schools educate?
The youth
How many grammar schools were founded between 1460 and 1509?
53
What was beginning to be taught at Oxford?
Greek and Humanism
Why did Cambridge have new colleges?
Due to Margaret Beaufort’s donations to the school
Who entertained crowds on saints days?
Local bagpipes and wind groups
What were single line chants replaced by?
Polyphonic choral music where different parts of the choir snag independent melodic lines
What was the Eton choirbook?
It was compiled in 1505 and it had 93 separate compositions from composers who had important status during Henry’s reign like Thomas Browne (member of the Earl of Oxford’s household) and Robert Fayrfax (had patronage from Henry and Margaret Beaufort)
What was music in court like?
It was also performed in wealthy homes for special occasions or on a balcony at meal times. Trumpets and sackbuts were used regularly whilst string instruments, recorders and flutes were used in softer music
What style were churches rebuilt in and give exampes
Gothic perpendicular style
- Saint Mary Redcliffe in Bristol
- Major Wool churches in East Anglia
- In 1502, Henry approved the style for Lady chapel in Westminster Abbey
Who was William Caxton?
He established the printing press in 1476 and he printed Chaucer and other traditional Medieval works like chivalric romances and adaptations of Saint’s lives
What was English culture similar to?
Gothic traditions in North Western Europe
Who’s work became fashionable to print by 1509?
Colet and More
