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A - level Tudor history > Henry VII government and finance > Flashcards

Henry VII government and finance Flashcards

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1
Q

How did Henry’s government work?

A

King

Royal household - court - privy council - Parliament - Justices of Peace

Privy Chamber

Groom of the stool

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2
Q

What were the duties of the king?

A
  • ruled the country
  • made decisions relating to war and security
  • he chose his advisors
  • organised when parliament met
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3
Q

What was the privy chamber?

A
  • It was the heart of the household proper and it was set up in the 1490s
  • consisted of about 6-7 men
  • they had political influence over him
  • they acted as Henry’s most trusted advisors
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4
Q

Give two purposes of parliament

A
  • grant laws
  • to help the king raise taxes for mostly war
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5
Q

Who was Henry’s most trusted advisor?

A

Margaret Beaufort

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6
Q

How many people were on the privy council?

A

40-50 people

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7
Q

Who were chosen to be members of the privy council?

A

Nobility, clergymen, lawyers and royal household officers

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8
Q

What was the great council?

A

House of lords + House of commons

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9
Q

What did the house of lords consist of?

A
  • The Lords spiritual (bishops and abbots of major religious houses)
  • The Lords temporal (The more influential nobility)
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10
Q

What did the house of commons consist of?

A

It composed of two MPs for each borough and two representatives from both Oxford and Cambridge university

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11
Q

How many parliaments did Henry call?

A

7

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12
Q

Who run the chamber?

A

Lord Chamberlain which was Stanley until 1495

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13
Q

Who ran the household proper?

A

Lord Stewart

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14
Q

What were Henry’s JPs like?

A
  • they were chief local government officers who maintained law and order
  • lesser landowners became JPs to weaken larger landowners
  • Henry improved border administrations
  • JPs weren’t paid
  • There were usually 18 per county
  • Appointed annually from landowners
  • They were also used to control border administration through figures such as his uncle Jasper Tudor controlling the Welsh marches and the Earl of Surrey controlling the council of the north
  • 1485: they could arrest hunters who were in disguise
  • 1487: they could bail people out of jail
  • 1495: they could replace members of the jury
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15
Q

What was the council learned?

A
  • created by Bray as a one off in 1498 in his duchy of Lancaster office
  • it wasn’t a recognised court of law
  • they maintained king’s revenue and exploited his prerogative rights
  • de-establishes by an act of parliament in 1510
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16
Q

What are the types of revenue?

A

Ordinary:
- crown lands
- feudal obligations
- bonds and recognisances
- custom duties
- profits of justice
Extraordinary:
- parliamentary grants
- loans
- benevolences
- feudal obligations
- the French pension

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17
Q

What is ordinary revenue?

A

This was money that was collected regularly without the need for parliament’s permission since they were Henry’s prerogative right.

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18
Q

What are crown lands?

A

Lands held by the king by inheritance or confiscation from traitors

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19
Q

How many attainders was there in Henry VII’s reign?

A

138 but 46 were reversed

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20
Q

When did Henry gain Richard III’s land?

A

1495

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21
Q

What did Henry earn from crown lands in his early reign?

A

£3000

22
Q

How much did Edward IV earn from crown lands?

A

£15000

23
Q

How much did crown lands increase during Henry’s reign?

A

5x

24
Q

What are bonds?

A

A written agreement whereby a person promised to pay a sum of money if they failed to keep a promise

25
Q

What are recognisances?

A

A formal acknowledgement of debt

26
Q

Give an example where bonds were used

A

In 1491, friends of the marquis of Dorset (stepson of Edward IV) in total of £10,000 in promise of good behaviour

27
Q

What are escheats?

A

Payments made when land is reverted to the crown

28
Q

What is relief?

A

Money paid to the king as land was inherited

29
Q

What is a livery?

A

A fine paid to recover land from wardship

30
Q

What is wardship?

A

The king had the right to look after the heir and their land if the heir was a minor

31
Q

How much was feudal obligations per year in 1487?

A

£350 per year

32
Q

When was there a new book of rates?

A

1507

33
Q

How much did Henry gain from custom revenues?

A

£40,000

34
Q

What is extraordinary revenue?

A

Money raised by the king from additional sources as one- off payments when he faced n emergency or an unforeseeable expense of government; this could be made up of parliamentary grants, clerical taxes for example

35
Q

What is fifteenth and tenth?

A
  • basic tax
  • theoretically one - fifteenth of the value of goods in rural areas and one- tenth in urban areas
36
Q

Why were parliamentary grants given?

A

To help the king when national interest was threatened

37
Q

How much did Henry gain from loan throughout his reign?

A

£203,000

38
Q

What is a benevolence?

A

A type of forced loan with no repayment

39
Q

Give an example of a benevolence

A

In 1491, Henry raised £48,500 to take is army to France

40
Q

What is vacant bishoprics?

A

On the death of a bishop, his post would be kept vacant for a while and the king would protect the revenue

41
Q

How much did Henry receive from clerical tax in his later reign?

A

£6,000

42
Q

How much was the French pension?

A

£159,000 overall
£5,000 per year

43
Q

How much was levied in feudal obligations at the knighting of Prince Arthur?

A

£30,000

44
Q

What are the types of court?

A
  • church
  • local
  • manor
  • borough
  • king’s court at county level
  • king’s common law courts
  • chancery and other equity courts
45
Q

What was the role of church courts?

A
  • church administration
  • offenses committed by the clergy
  • proving of wills
  • issues relating to marriage
  • moral offenses
46
Q

What is the role of manor courts?

A
  • landholding
  • rights and responsibilities of landowners and tenants
  • use of common land
  • responsibilities for drainage and land issues
47
Q

What were the chancery and other equity courts?

A

They exercised jurisdiction on the basis of fairness rather then on a strict reading of common law

48
Q

What was the role of king’s common law courts?

A
  • king’s bench: superior criminal jurisdiction
  • common pleas: dealt with major civil crimes
  • exchequer: dealt with royal revenue issues
49
Q

What was the role of king’s court at county level?

A
  • assizes: held twice a year to deal with major criminals and civil cases and was presided over by Westminster judges
  • quarter sessions: held four times a year, presided over by JPs to deal with less important criminal cases as well as civil and administrative affairs
  • special commissions: set up on an as hoc basis to deal with major issues such as rebellion
50
Q

When were the anti - enclosure laws passed?

A

1489

A - level Tudor history (20 decks)

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