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A - level Tudor history > Elizabeth I government > Flashcards

Elizabeth I government Flashcards

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1
Q

How many staff were in the household?

A

1500

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2
Q

How often did the privy chamber meet?

A

Twice a week

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3
Q

What was the privy council responsible for?

A
  • to enforce laws and regulations
  • to oversee arrangements for national defence
  • to enforce the 1559 religious settlement
  • to adjudicate partly as a court of law in star chamber and as a board to local maladministration
  • to manage parliament but their extent of power can be questioned throughout the period
  • to discuss matters of state and offer policy advice
  • to manage crown finances with the lord treasuer and chancellor of the exchequer
  • to oversee operation an receive appeals from regional councils
  • to administer the realm through lord lieutenants, sheriffs, JPs, tax commisioners and borough councils
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4
Q

How many members were there of the privy council?

A

10

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5
Q

Why can the power of the privy chamber be overestimated?

A

Elizabeth often consulted ministers on an individual basis

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6
Q

What is patronage?

A
  • giving gifts such as lands, office, monopolies (having th right to produce or sell a good) and titles for loyalty
  • a key example is cecil
  • being given an office in church, central governmetn, law or the royal household is the most valued gift from the monarch
  • elizabeth gave 18 perage titles in her reign but by 1603, there were less peers by 1558
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7
Q

What changed and continued in the royal court?

A
  • the court became more ceremonial
  • the ability to go through the presence chamber
  • gentlemen of the privy chamber no longer had rights to the monarch
  • court remained under lord chamberlain’s jurisdiction
  • court expanded from Henry VII but can be seen as similar to Henry VIII
  • royal finances grew
  • people still gained positions through connections to the monarch
  • she heavily relied on her council
  • people in power were elizabeth’s close relatives rather than clergymen such as Lord Hunsdon in 1585 as lord chamberlain who was elizabeth’s cousin
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8
Q

What caused the breakdown between Elizabeth and her councillors?

A
  • the execution of Mary, queen of Scots
  • issues between England and Spain
  • religion
  • marriage and succession
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9
Q

What problems did Elizabeth’s council face from the late 1580s?

A
  • lots of ministers died by 1597, the council only had 11 members
  • she didn’t want to make replacements due to their loyalty so she had to rely on middle - aged sons of her former ministers with limited skills
  • lack of senior noblemen on the council
  • she refuses for William Cecil to retire and forced to give some duties to his son
  • tensions with the earl of Essex
  • herconciliar government was affected by factional rivalries
  • not a single meber had complete control of patronage
  • Dudley and Cecil disagreed over marriage
  • The rule of Cecil and Elizabeth was unpopular and the Essex rebellion reflects larger discontent
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10
Q

Who were the conservative government members?

A
  • Sir Christopher Hatton
  • The earl of Sussex
  • The earl of Shrewbury
  • Thomas Howard
  • Lord treasurer the Marquis of Winchester
  • Sir James Croft
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11
Q

Who were the protestant members of the council?

A
  • Sir Francis Walsingham
  • Sir Walter Mildmay
  • Sir Ralph Sadler
  • Sir Thomas Smith
  • Sir Henry Sidney
  • The earl of Leicester
  • The earl of Warwick
  • Burghley
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12
Q

What is Neale’s puritan choir thesis?

A

The commons were organised and characterised through conflict due to parliament’s increasing importance by encouraging factionalism and protestant reforms

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13
Q

What does Eltom argue?

A

He geld a revisionist based view on parliamenr as ther was more cooperation thatn conflict as any conflict was infrequent, not organised and posed a limited threat for Elizabeth

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14
Q

How many acts did parliament pass?

A

438

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15
Q

How many new borough seats were created?

A

62

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16
Q

How did Cecil prepare the crown’s legislative programme?

A
  • he framed and shped bills
  • he was assisted by the council’s flor managers in the house of commons, Sir Francis Knollys and from 1576, Sir Christopher Hatton
  • he used his own men of lawyers and experts on parlimentary procedures who could promote measures
17
Q

How did Elizabeth manage parliement?

A
  • she saw it as a secondary feature of governement using it when necessary
  • she refused royal assent to over 60 bills
  • the commons didn’t persist demands to settle the disputed Norfolk election of 1586 and canceded the rights of the lord chancellor
  • she was granted money when required
  • the puritan choir brough little changes
  • general support for Elizabeth
  • she resisted attempts to marry and name a successor
  • she ruled through the privy chamber rather thna parliament
  • Elizabeth ordered Lord keeper pickering to settle the extent of free speech that didn’t extend beyond legislation
18
Q

What was the Peter Wentworth case?

A
  • he was imprisoned twice for his comments in the house of commons
  • In 1576, he was imprisoned for asserting the right of parliment to discuss the preogative powers but was soon released
  • In 1593, he argued about succession causing him and 3 colleagues to go into the tower of London
19
Q

Who did people want Elizabeth to marry?

A
  • Robert Dudley
  • Philip II of Spain
  • The archdukes Ferdinand and Charles
  • Prince Erik of Sweden
20
Q

When did parliment bring up marriage and succession?

A
  • In january 1559, it was first brought up but Elizabeth managed to deflect pressure
  • In 1563, there was a small succession crisis as in october 1562, she had smallpox but Elizabeth dismissed Mary, queen of Scots and Lady Catherin Grey as heirs
  • Leicester and Cecil brought it up again in 1566 leding to her banishing Leicester and the earl of Pembroke from the presence chamber, publically rebuned the other members of the council and summoned mebers of the houses of parliament to show her authority
21
Q

How did Elizabeth not manage parliament?

A
  • Cecil used his own men in the house of commons
  • In 1584, puritan members of the commons reacted with fury to Whitgift’s attak on godly preachers who wanted to purify the church
  • by Elizabeth’s later reign, most members were educated and could argue more strongly
  • from 1563 - 66, a puritan party emerged to puch religious reforms
  • in 1586, the house of commons asserted its rights over Norfolk’s election despite being the Lord Chancellor’s responsibility
  • in 1593, MPs discussed a bill to grant free speech
  • parliament edited bills to protect Elizabeth from puritan reforms and Mary, queen of Scots leading to no comments when pased
22
Q

What happened in 1601?

A
  • there was debate over the issues of monopolies and the crown’s officers lost control of the house of commons
  • this was not helped by Cecil’s lack of skills as a parliamentary manager with limited resources
  • this led Elizabeth to form the golden speech to 140 MPs in the council chamber Whitehall through viewing it as a farewell
23
Q

How many JPS were there in 1600?

A

50 per county

24
Q

How did the role of JPs expand?

A
  • Helping the poor through the creation of the poor law
  • collecting catholic fines for not attending church
  • fixing the price of grain during famine
  • collecting subsidies
25
Q

Who took over the council of the north from the earl of Sussex in 1572?

A

The earl of Huntington

26
Q

Who were the lord lietenants?

A
  • became a pernament fixture after the Spanish armada in 1585 until 1603
  • usually members of the nobility
  • orginally supported by sheriffs
  • they raised local militas, oversaw the work of JPs, managed food supplied during war and famine, collected forced loans and reported local events to the privy council
27
Q

Who was William Cecil?

A
  • As a child, he served as a page in royal court exposing him to royal life
  • His first role in parliament was given to him in 1542 after Henry granted him a place in the court of common pleas leading to his joining of parliament a year later where his joined a small protestant faction with Catherin Parr, Edward Seymour, Sir Anthony Cooke and John Cheke. Ergo, after Henry’s death, he became a member of Somerset’s household as secretary from 1548 leading to his brief imprisonment in the tower of London during Seymour’s fall
    By acting as a go – between Somerset and Warwick, he regained a position in court and only grew in power under Northumberland as he was knighted
  • In 1558, Cecil quickly showed support for Elizabeth by riding to Hatfield to announce her as queen and his first major actions as primary secretary were the 1560 treaty of Edinburgh and to promote religious settlement. As a result, he was rewarded with the court of wards in 1561
  • He was supportive of exploration and punishing Mary, queen of Scots
  • In 1572, he became knight of Garter and Lord treasurer
  • He was unable to retire therefore he trained Robert Cecil to take over his duties as secretary
28
Q

Who was Robert Cecil?

A
  • In pursuing the policies worked out by his father and Queen Elizabeth, Cecil followed a moderately anti-Roman Catholic, anti-Spanish, and anti-Puritan line
  • Trained by his father in the craft of statesmanship, he entered theHouse of Commonsin 1584 and in 1588 was sent on his first diplomatic mission abroad which involved in negotiations withAlexander Farnese, Duke of Parma, inOstendin the hope of averting war with Spain
  • Cecil soon developed a deep rivalry with the earl of Essex developed from their father figure’s relationship in order for Elizabeth’s favour heightened by the fact they grew up together because he came under Burghley’s jurisdiction
  • During Elizabeth’s final years, Cecil had to manage Elizabeth’s temperaments and struggles with illness
  • He contiued to hold a position in government in James I’s reign
29
Q

Who was Sir Nicholas Bacon?

A
  • He went to Cambridge’s Corpus Christi college to finish his humanist education in 1527
    Admitted to the bar in 1533, Bacon was made attorney of the court of- wardsand liveries in 1546. In 1550 became a bencher and in 1552 treasurer of Gray’s Inn
  • During his political career, he presided over the house of Lords
  • Upon the accession of Elizabeth, Bacon was madelord keeper of the great seal. Shortly after, he was knighted. In this position he worked with Elizabeth’s chief minister,Sir William Cecil (later Lord Burghley), to maintain the relatively moderate Protestantism of the Elizabethan church. At the same time, Bacon advocated policies designed to undermine the power of Catholics in Europe. He was temporarily dismissed from court after a misunderstanding with the queen in 1564 over a pamphlet favouring Lady Catherine Grey over Elizabeth, but he soon regained his former influence. Bacon’s distrust of the Catholic Mary Stuart, who was imprisoned inEngland, led him in 1570 to oppose effectively a plan toreinstateher on the Scottish throne
30
Q

Who was Sir Francis Knolly?

A
  • Knollys entered the service ofHenry VIIIbefore 1540, became a member of Parliament in 1542, and was knighted in 1547 while serving with the English army inScotland
  • Knollys served as treasurer of the royal household from 1572 until his death
  • He was a deep protestant and enjoyed taking part in religious discussions including Cecil’s 1551 conference where severalCatholicsandProtestantsrespecting thecorporeal presencein theSacrament
  • In April 1571 Knollys strongly supported the retrospective clauses of the bill for the better protection of Queen Elizabeth, by which any person who had previously put forward a claim to the throne was adjudged guilty ofhigh treason. This demonstrates his deep care and sense of friendship with Elizabeth sometime missed by other ministers. In the next year, he was appointedtreasurer of the royal household in which he retained until his death
31
Q

Who was the earl of Essex?

A
  • He was first brought to the court after the death of his father Walter Devereux, aged 10, as he now inherited the earldom and the family estates from his father
  • As a maternal cousin, there was already a sense of connection. However, as Dudley’s step –son, his death only intensified the connection and sought great comfort in his company. However, he felt a sense of competition for Elizabeth’s favour with Robert Cecil leading to rivalry. In April 1599 Essex was sent to Ireland as Lieutenant and Governor General, with an army of 17,000 men and explicit instructions to crush the Earl of Tyrone’s rebellion and bring Ireland under control. Instead of following orders, Essex had a secret meeting with Tyrone, made a truce in Elizabeth’s name and abandoned his post to return to London and explain his decision to the Queen. Elizabeth was furious and had him put under house arrest while an inquiry into his behaviour was held. He was found guilty of disobedience and dereliction of duty, stripped of most of his positions, and banished from court as punishment. Due to shock and devastation over his betrayal of Elizabeth’s government through the Essex rebellion, leading to his execution on the 25th of February 160
32
Q

Who was Robert Dudley?

A
  • After the failure of his father’sconspiracyto putLady Jane Greyon the throne in 1553, Robert was imprisoned in theTower of London, but he was released the following year and served with the English forces in France in 1557 at the battle of St Quentin
  • On Elizabeth’s accession, he was made master of the horse, and in April 1559 he became a privy councillor and Knight of the Garter in 1559
  • He soon won the Queen’s affection and favour, but his pretensions aroused bitter jealousy at court
  • He and Cecil rivalled with one another for Elizabeth’s favour and positions of power however this didn’t intensify until the battle between Robert Cecil and the earl of Essex as arguably they effective had a good working relationship to control Elizabeth’s court
  • In 1587, was appointedLord Stewardof theRoyal Household
  • In 1585 Elizabeth sent Leicester in command of a force of 6,000 troops to theUnited Provinces(the Netherlands) to assist their revolt against Spain. He proved to be not only an incompetent commander but also a failure in his political role as men continuingly left the army. His policies, in violation of Elizabeth’s instructions, and hisarrogantmanner alienated the Dutch and resulted in his recall to England in 1587. Despite his shortcomings, the Queen appointed him in 1588 lieutenant general of the army mustered atTilburyagainst theSpanish Armada. Later that year he died suddenly at his home
33
Q

Who was Sir Francis Walsingham?

A
  • In 1552, he was admitted to Gray’s Inn inLondonto study law
  • A committedProtestant, during the reign of theCatholicQueenMary I of Englandhe joined other expatriates in exile in Switzerland and northern Italy to study Roman civil law until Mary’s death and the accession of her Protestant half-sister, Elizabeth becoming a member of parliament for the first parliament in January 1559
  • In 1570 Walsingham was appointed ambassador to France
  • At the end of 1573 and was appointed to the Privy Council and named a principal secretary with Sir Thomas Smith. Smith retired in 1576, leaving Walsingham in effective control of theprivy seal, though he was not formally invested asLord Privy Seal
  • TheBabington Plot(named for conspiratorAnthony Babington), was exposed in August 1586 with the aid of Walsingham’s double agents and code experts, who, unbeknownst to Mary’s agents, were actually supplying their means of communicating with Mary via coded letters smuggled inside a beer barrel. The letters established Mary’s complicity in the effort to depose Elizabeth, leading to Mary’s trial,conviction, and execution
34
Q

Who was Sir Walter Mildmay?

A
  • When the Court of Augmentation was reconstituted, about 1545, Mildmay was made one of its two surveyors-general
  • In Northumberland’s reign his influence on finances grew as he was commissioned to levy the King’s debts, to settle with the crown accountant and superintended the receipt by the crown of plate, jewels, bells, and the like surrendered by dissolved monasteries or chantries
  • He founded Emmauel college in 1584
  • On Elizabeth’s accession he was at once made treasurer of her household, and was appointed a member of a small committee of ways and means to supply the empty exchequer. He was soon employed in preparing a census of thefarms of the royal revenues(22 December 1558), in examining Queen Mary’s grants of land, in compounding with those who refused knighthood (28 March 1559), in directing the issue of a new coinage (29 October 1560), and in selling crown lands (May 1563)
  • On 21 April 1566, SirRichard Sackville, the chancellor of the exchequer, died, and Mildmay was appointed as his replacement; he was also made auditor of theDuchy of Lancaster
    Due to his duties, he had little interest in general politics
35
Q

Who was Sir Christopher Hatton?

A
  • Hatton enrolled as one of the queen’s bodyguards in 1564 and became the captain in 1572
  • In 1564, he also became one of the Queen’sgentlemen pensionersand a gentleman of the privy chamber
  • He was active in Parliament in prosecutions ofJohn StubbsandWilliam Parry (the organiser of the Parry plot).In 1576, he was granted land inWellingboroughby the Queen
  • Hatton was a member of the law court that triedAnthony Babingtonin 1586 and one of the commissioners who found Mary, Queen of Scots, guilty of treason the following year. He pushed one of Elizabeth’s secretary’s to make her sign the death warrant
  • Hatton strongly supported thearchbishop of Canterbury,John Whitgift, in his actions against the Puritans, and Elizabeth’s desire to have these two men work together may well explain Hatton’s appointment as lord chancellor in 1587. Despite his lack of extensive legal knowledge, he handled this office competently
  • In 1588, Hatton became chancellor of the university of Oxford where he oversaw Edmund Spenser’s rising career as a poet

A - level Tudor history (20 decks)

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