Henry VII Flashcards
how did he deal with threats
Earl of warwick, nephew of Richard III
he was sent to the tower but lived in relative poverty
how did he deal with threats
John De La Pole, earl of Lincoln another nephew of Richard III
professed loyalty to Henry vii and was later invited to join the council
how did he deal with threats
Duke of suffolk, father of Lincoln
he also professed loyalty to the new king
how did he deal with threats
earl of Surrey who fought for Richard at Bosworth
kept in prison until 1489 when Henry was satisfied with his intentions
how did he deal with threats
earl of northumberland who was with Richard at Bosworth but didnt fight with him
released from prison in 1485 being given control of the north of England and given the opportunity to prove his loyalty
how did he reward his supporters
Japer Tudor, his uncle
became duke of Bedford, Chief Justice of sales, constable of all welsh castles and lord lieutenant of Ireland.
tudor was 55 and had no heir so Henry could give him titles knowing there would be no threats from his heirs
how did he reward his supporters
Thomas Lord Stanley, henrys stepfather
created earl of derby
how did he reward his supporters
sir Thomas Lovell who rebelled abasing Richard in 1483
1485 made chancellor of the exchequer, treasurer of the household and speaker of house of commons
rebellion in midlands 8
- lovell attainted
- lovell headed north whilst Stafford travelled to Worcester to raise a rebellion
- stafford sought sanctuary but denied
- no foreign support
- Henry offered rbeels a choice of pardon or reconciliation rebels dispersed
- humphrey stafford pardonded
- lovell escaped to Flanders
- rebels inspired by belief warwick would join
rebellion in Wales 2
led by sir Thomas Vaughan of tretower they conspired to kill Henry and seize Brecon castle, the rebellion was out down by henry’s ally Rhys ap Thomas whom the kind knighted at bosworth
-Henry severely punished leaders but showed clemency to followers
Cornish rebellion 1497 6
- January 1497 parliament voted for a tax to finance expeditions to resist an invasion by Scottish king James IV and perkin warbeck
- may, bodmin got to London outskirts with 15,000 complaining about evil councillors Morton and bray
- king diverted forces south under lord daubery 25,000
- 1,000 rebels killed
- didnt endanger throne but couldn’t afford a campaign
Yorkshire rebellion 1489 8
- parliament granted £100,000 tax but resented
- king only received £27,000
- yorkshire resented it due to bad harvest and people north were exempt
- Henry Percy earl of northumberland was killed
- earl of Surrey defeated rebels out of york
- sir John egremony escaped to flanders
- king travelled north to issue a pardon
- no more trouble in north because new earl of northumberland was a minor so Henry appointed earl of Surrey as his chief representative - restoration of estates depended on his success
who was Lambert simnel 1486-7 5
- yorkists needed a Yorkist replacement as a figurehead
- Oxford was a Yorkist strongholds, a 28 year old priest, Symonds spotted a strong resemblance between 10 year old Lambert and murdered son of Edward IV, he then changed place to impersonate Warwick
- Symonds took simnel to Ireland, they wanted to distract Henry from interference in Ireland so lord lieutenant, earl of Kildare proclaimed simnel as Edward VI
- Margaret of Burgundy also supported this- sent money and 2,000 German soldiers to Ireland commanded by Martin Schwarz accompanied by lovell and Lincoln
- irish crowned simnel king Edward VI in Dublin may 1847
what action did Henry take 7
- didnt take action until February 1487, offered long standing rebels pardons (eg Broughton refused) declared lesser nobles as traitors, placed Elizabeth woodpile and marquess of Dorset under house arrest deprived of lands
- real earl of warwick exhibited in London
- June 1487 Lincoln and army landed in Lancashire turned south-little support as wary of conflict and behaviour of Irish soldiers
- Henry had an army of 12,000, Lincoln has 8000 experienced German soldiers
- simnel and symonds captured
- simnel mad a turn spit in kitchen, symonds imprisoned fo life
- Lincoln, schwarz and Broughton dead, lovely either killed or fled
who was Perkin Warbeck 1491-9 5
- 17 year old
- from France
- paraded through the streets dressed in silk
- locals assumed he was earl of warwick
- warbeck claimed to be Richard duke of york
support for Warbeck
- some believed he was helped by Charles VIII of France and Margaret of Burgundy to stop Henry blocking Charles plan to annexe brittany
- Charles welcomed warbeck to French court
- 1492 100 yorkists had joined him at court in Paris. Henry agreed to treaty of staples 1492 with Charles so warbeck fled to Burgundy
- Margaret of burgundy claimed warbeck as her nephew
- 1493 Henry broke of trade with Flanders even thought it damaged trade and English economy
- maximillian, holy roman emperor recognised him as Richard IV in 1494
further Yorkist conspiracies 1499-1506 5
- after earl of warwick Edmund de la pole , earl of suffolk Yorkist claimant to the throne
- Henry vii refused to elevate the earl of suffolk to a duke which he believed was his birthright. 1499 suffolk to flight to calais, Henry fearing another foreign invasion backed out, persuaded him to return and remained amicable terms with the king till 1501- then fled to court of Maximilian with brother Richard de la pole
- Henry imprisoned Suffolks remaining relations and 1504 attainted 51 men connected to suffolk, eg Sir James Tryeu confessed to killing princes before execution
- 1506 a storm cause Philip of Burgundy and wife to take refuge in England. Henry persuaded him to surrender suffolk - suffolk remained in tower until executed by Henry VIII
how did Henrys spiels help Henry fight warbeck conspiracy 4
- most likely sir Robert Clifford informed him who was implicated in 1495
- a number of attainders were passed
- eg William stanley who was overheard saying that he wouldn’t take up arms against him and was executed by Henry vii as was his steward Lord Fitzwalker
- the spies meant warbeck attempted landing in Kent July 1495 was a fiasco. he failed to gather support instead set sail to Ireland abandoning those ashore
Scottish help for warbeck 5
- warbeck laid siege to the Irish town Waterford for 11 days with no success
- warbeck departed for Scotland where James IV gave warbeck refuge and support
- gave warbeck his cousin lady gordon in marriage and an annual pension of £1200
- attempted to invade England from Scotland unsuccessful as received no support and retreated In horror of Scottish raids
- Henry offered his eldest daughter in marriage to James IV in order to bring peace
- september 1497 7 year truce between England and Scotland - truce of ayton
what happened after unsuccessful Scottish invasion to warbeck 2
- warbeck returned to Ireland and went south west landing in Devon
- he was driven out of Exeter and taunton
where did warbeck take sanctuary
in Beaulieu abbey in Hampshire 1497- then persuaded to give up and confess
what happened after warbeck was found in sanctuary 3
- warbeck was not an English national so he was allowed at court with his wife
- 1498 he ran away and was captured and imprisoned
- whislt imrpisoned he was accused of conspiring with earl of warwick and both executed in 1499
who was responsible for warbeck conspiracy 3
- warbeck claimed the plan originated in cork. however evidence he learnt about Edward IV’s family from a former employer who found favour at court
- the length 8 heat suggested important figures helped from the beginning
- eg Margaret of Burgundy but there is no record of her meeting warbeck before he left France in 1492 but it doesn’t mean there wasn’t any contact
what was henrys relationship like with his nobility 3
- the problem was how to suppress the nobles’ abuse of their power whilst preserving the power itself. - to stop them causing rebellions and encourage them to use their power to quell disorder
- hoped that imposing his will with ruthless impartiality the nobles might accept that their position was one of obedience. if they did this the rest of society would follow
- the start of service nobility that were created to serve the crown
how large and influential with the nobility
- limited number of new lords
- only created 3 new earls -Edward IV created 9-didnt make sir William Stanley and sir rhys ap Thomas as peer
- elevated uncle jasper Tudor from earl of Pembroke to duke of beford
- made less peers
- peerage shrunk atom 62 1485 to 42 1509 as new creations did not keep pace with families dying out
e. g. sir Walter Huntingdon whos claim to his late brothers earldom was ignored and the title died out - Walter was well known by the king brought up with him in the care of Walters father - this didnt bother Henry
why did Henry have a limited number of new lords in the nobility
- smaller was easier to control
- it was a prized honour because he rarely did it
- he didnt have to grant out crown lands so was better financially for the crown
who were the only three new earls Henry created
- stepfather lord Stanley became earl of derby
- earl bath - rewarded for service at Bosworth
- earl devon
how many barons and viscounts did Henry create
-one viscount
-8 barons
in comparison to Edward IV who created 2 viscounts and 13 barons
-of all the peerages only 3 of them were new and required land grants
henry’s attitude toward patronage 3
- criteria for reward was those who had been staunch servants to the crown for a long time
- only the nobility received patronage
- Edmund dudley was a lawyer from Sussex he was one of henrys most trusted advisors and was made a peer but used his title kings councillor as proudly as peerage
henrys attitude of the order of the garter 2
- found an alternative to bestowing peerages by awarding loyal subjects with an order of garter- an ancient order but involved no financial obligation from the crown
- 37 of henrys closest followers received this privilege during his reign including sir William Stanley (later executed for his part in warbeck conspiracy) and sir Rhys ap Thomas. the latter embraced this reward Stanley clearly didnt
what problems did over-mighty subjects pose to Henry VII 3
- no close male relatives so were less of a problem to him
- didnt create new peerages and retained land that returned by lapsed titles. estates of warwick Clarence and Gloucester were retained by the crown
- carefully controlled marriages of his nobles
why did Henry carefully control the marriages of his nobles 4
- to prevent over might subjects
- ensured members of the nobility did not link themselves to great heiresses as mean of creating dangerous power blocks
- Henry had the power to do this as nobility had to seek permission to marry
- Katherine Woodville married her 3rd husband without royal license. she was fined £2000
why did Henry carefully control nobles to prevent over might subjects 4
- overmighty families caused problems in the past
- eg the Percy Earls of Northumberland and Stafford Dukes of Buckingham did remain but kept under close surveillance
- duke of Buckingham came to his inheritance at 7 1485 but Henry didn’t allow him to take possession of this till 1498 , in the meantime the king got to keep the protest and ensure the duke was of an age to have demonstrated his loyalty
- earl of northumerbland was murdered during Yorkshire rebellion 1489 left his 10 year old his estate but Henry didnt allow him to inherit fully until 1499 until the king was convinced of his loyalty
did Henry deliberately try to limit the power of his nobility
TRADITIONAL INTERPRETATION
-Henry recognised the potential danger of the nobility and set out to control them. Henry removed the nobility from his council and replaced them with professional lawyers and administrations
did Henry deliberately try to limit the power of his nobility
REVISIONIST INTERPRETATION 4
- Henry was suspicious of the nobility but was not pursuing a consciously anti noble policy
- 2 of henrys closest companions were the earls of Oxford and Shrewsbury neither were related to him
- it is possible he liked having them at court where he could monitor them
- Henry did rely on the greater magnates to oversee the outlying and more disturbed areas of the kingdom eg Henry Percy Earl of Northumberland was released from captivity after questionable loyalty at Bosworth and re granted wardenship of the north of England
why did Henry impose financial threats to manage the nobility 2
- other kings used this technique more haphazardly and infrequently than Henry VII, they were an integral part of his policy toward the nobility
- the policy seems to have been to firmly restrain and individual who chose to abuse their position. if they were prepared to accept the conditions that left them at his mercy, he was willing to waive part of their punishment
what was henrys attitude toward punishment of his nobility
- used acts of attainder to punish disobedient nobles/
- after a period of time used parliament to revoke them but only gradually would restore confiscated lands as reward for loyalty and support
- lesser nobles were sometimes forced to pay large sums of money because they didnt have much to offer in terms of service
- Thomas howard, earl of surrey’s father had been duke of Norfolk and had died fighting for Richard III as Bosworth. Thomas was imprisoned and attainted. He was released 1489 and put in charge of maintain law in north. the attainder was revoked but only some land was returned /the duke title was also denied to ensure loyalty towards the end 1513 rewarded to him by Henry VIII
what did Henry impose financial threats on the nobility
bonds and recognisances 7
- if someone offended the king, there would be a formal written promise of the future goof behaviour backed up by an up-front payment or promise of payment if bad
- varied from £400 for insignificant person to £10,000 for a peer
- Lord Dacre was forced into a bond and recognisance of £2000 for his loyalty in 1506
- Lord Kent deeply in debt to the king in 1507 he had to be seen daily at king’s house to ensure he hadn’t fled
- bishop of Worcester had to promise to pay £2000 if loyalty was questioned- forbidden from leaving the country
- marquess of dorest -Edward IV step son. was suspected of involvement in Simnel ploy and further treachery 1491, friends promised to pay £10,000 to guarantee future good behaviour, When Henry planned an invasion of france in 1492 he also took marquess son hostage incase he rebelled again
- toward the end of his reign, Henry bound over new appointees who would not be liable to pay as long as they carried our duties loyalty
- captain of calais had to promise £40,000
how many noble families were given bonds and recognisances
36/62
what is patronage 4
- if Henry was to remain secure he had to be able to win over nobles to his cause
- Henry VII used patronage as a result of good and loyal service instead of buying loyalty
how did Henry use patronage to reward loyal supporters 3
those who fought at Bosworth
- Earl of Oxford = major landowner
- jasper tudor = duke of bedford
- Thomas lord Stanley, earl of derby = retained control of Lancashire and cheshire
was the handling of patronage efficient 3
- sir Reginald bray helped to accumulate land throughout 18 continents worth £1000
- less patronage meant the crown had more money
- lawyers (Edmund Dudley) had no vested interest so were more reliable
was the handling of patronage inefficient 2
- William Stanley still supported the warbeck conspiracy
- nobles disliked their power being limited
what was the order of the garter 3
- highest honour reserved for the kings closest servants
- Henry created 37 knights of the garter
- ultimate mark of honour
examples of knights created using the order of the garter 5
- rhys ap thomas
- earl of Oxford
- giles daubenay
- Robert Willoughby
- reginal bray
was the order of the garter efficient 3
- no financial obligation
- an alternative to bestowing peerages
- gave recipient prestige but not land so no more power
was the order of the garter inefficient
lord Thomas Stanley still rebelled and supported the warbeck conspiracy
what were 5 key councillors
- reginal bray
- Thomas lovell
- Richard Guildford
- John rissely
- giles daubenay
what was the kings council
a position as kings councillor was a sign of kings confidence
was the kings council efficient 2
- 2 chancellors retained their positions for a long time Morton (1486-1500) and William warham (1504-9)
- Richard fox became keeper of the privy seal in 1487 till 1516
what was the great council
called by the king to discuss high meters of states usually in an emergency
what were the 5 occasions the great council were called
1485- announcement of henrys marriage
1487- response to lambert simnel threat
1491- authorise war against france
1496- grant a loan of £120,000 for war in Scotland
what were crownlands 4
- wanted to bring as much land as possible to the crown
- lands formally owned by warwick, duke of Clarence and Gloucester were almost all retained by Henry throughout his reign
- Henry rewarded loyal supporters with land not from crown estates
- 1486 passed act of resumption which recovered all properties granted away back to the crown since 1455
how was blocking retaining inefficient
Henry did not stamp out illegal retaining
-no written records exists of illegal retaining by nobles suggests nobles hid it from Henry
what was retaining
Henry made it illegal
lords and commons had to swear in parliament they wouldn’t illegally retain
was blocking retaining efficient
- 1504 proclamations had to obtain a license
- 1504 act had a penalty of £5 per month
- this was applied in 1506 to lord bugavenery with a fine of £70,550
what was wardship feudal dues
where king took control over estates of minors who were too young to be held responsible for their inheritance until they became of age
what was the marriage feudal dues
where the king took profit from the arranged marriages of heirs and heiresses
