Henry VII Flashcards

Question

how large and influential with the nobility

Answer 1

- limited number of new lords - only created 3 new earls -Edward IV created 9-didnt make sir William Stanley and sir rhys ap Thomas as peer - elevated uncle jasper Tudor from earl of Pembroke to duke of beford - made less peers - peerage shrunk atom 62 1485 to 42 1509 as new creations did not keep pace with families dying out e. g. sir Walter Huntingdon whos claim to his late brothers earldom was ignored and the title died out - Walter was well known by the king brought up with him in the care of Walters father - this didnt bother Henry

Answer 2

- smaller was easier to control - it was a prized honour because he rarely did it - he didnt have to grant out crown lands so was better financially for the crown

Answer 3

- stepfather lord Stanley became earl of derby - earl bath - rewarded for service at Bosworth - earl devon

Answer 4

-one viscount -8 barons in comparison to Edward IV who created 2 viscounts and 13 barons -of all the peerages only 3 of them were new and required land grants

Answer 5

- criteria for reward was those who had been staunch servants to the crown for a long time - only the nobility received patronage - Edmund dudley was a lawyer from Sussex he was one of henrys most trusted advisors and was made a peer but used his title kings councillor as proudly as peerage

Answer 6

- found an alternative to bestowing peerages by awarding loyal subjects with an order of garter- an ancient order but involved no financial obligation from the crown - 37 of henrys closest followers received this privilege during his reign including sir William Stanley (later executed for his part in warbeck conspiracy) and sir Rhys ap Thomas. the latter embraced this reward Stanley clearly didnt

Answer 7

- no close male relatives so were less of a problem to him - didnt create new peerages and retained land that returned by lapsed titles. estates of warwick Clarence and Gloucester were retained by the crown - carefully controlled marriages of his nobles

Answer 8

- to prevent over might subjects - ensured members of the nobility did not link themselves to great heiresses as mean of creating dangerous power blocks - Henry had the power to do this as nobility had to seek permission to marry - Katherine Woodville married her 3rd husband without royal license. she was fined £2000

Answer 9

- overmighty families caused problems in the past - eg the Percy Earls of Northumberland and Stafford Dukes of Buckingham did remain but kept under close surveillance - duke of Buckingham came to his inheritance at 7 1485 but Henry didn't allow him to take possession of this till 1498 , in the meantime the king got to keep the protest and ensure the duke was of an age to have demonstrated his loyalty - earl of northumerbland was murdered during Yorkshire rebellion 1489 left his 10 year old his estate but Henry didnt allow him to inherit fully until 1499 until the king was convinced of his loyalty

Answer 10

-Henry recognised the potential danger of the nobility and set out to control them. Henry removed the nobility from his council and replaced them with professional lawyers and administrations

Answer 11

- Henry was suspicious of the nobility but was not pursuing a consciously anti noble policy - 2 of henrys closest companions were the earls of Oxford and Shrewsbury neither were related to him - it is possible he liked having them at court where he could monitor them - Henry did rely on the greater magnates to oversee the outlying and more disturbed areas of the kingdom eg Henry Percy Earl of Northumberland was released from captivity after questionable loyalty at Bosworth and re granted wardenship of the north of England

Answer 12

- other kings used this technique more haphazardly and infrequently than Henry VII, they were an integral part of his policy toward the nobility - the policy seems to have been to firmly restrain and individual who chose to abuse their position. if they were prepared to accept the conditions that left them at his mercy, he was willing to waive part of their punishment

Answer 13

- used acts of attainder to punish disobedient nobles/ - after a period of time used parliament to revoke them but only gradually would restore confiscated lands as reward for loyalty and support - lesser nobles were sometimes forced to pay large sums of money because they didnt have much to offer in terms of service - Thomas howard, earl of surrey's father had been duke of Norfolk and had died fighting for Richard III as Bosworth. Thomas was imprisoned and attainted. He was released 1489 and put in charge of maintain law in north. the attainder was revoked but only some land was returned /the duke title was also denied to ensure loyalty towards the end 1513 rewarded to him by Henry VIII

Answer 14

- if someone offended the king, there would be a formal written promise of the future goof behaviour backed up by an up-front payment or promise of payment if bad - varied from £400 for insignificant person to £10,000 for a peer - Lord Dacre was forced into a bond and recognisance of £2000 for his loyalty in 1506 - Lord Kent deeply in debt to the king in 1507 he had to be seen daily at king's house to ensure he hadn't fled - bishop of Worcester had to promise to pay £2000 if loyalty was questioned- forbidden from leaving the country - marquess of dorest -Edward IV step son. was suspected of involvement in Simnel ploy and further treachery 1491, friends promised to pay £10,000 to guarantee future good behaviour, When Henry planned an invasion of france in 1492 he also took marquess son hostage incase he rebelled again - toward the end of his reign, Henry bound over new appointees who would not be liable to pay as long as they carried our duties loyalty - captain of calais had to promise £40,000

Answer 15

- if Henry was to remain secure he had to be able to win over nobles to his cause - Henry VII used patronage as a result of good and loyal service instead of buying loyalty

Answer 16

those who fought at Bosworth - Earl of Oxford = major landowner - jasper tudor = duke of bedford - Thomas lord Stanley, earl of derby = retained control of Lancashire and cheshire

Answer 17

- sir Reginald bray helped to accumulate land throughout 18 continents worth £1000 - less patronage meant the crown had more money - lawyers (Edmund Dudley) had no vested interest so were more reliable

Answer 18

- William Stanley still supported the warbeck conspiracy | - nobles disliked their power being limited

Answer 19

- highest honour reserved for the kings closest servants - Henry created 37 knights of the garter - ultimate mark of honour

Answer 20

- rhys ap thomas - earl of Oxford - giles daubenay - Robert Willoughby - reginal bray

Answer 21

- no financial obligation - an alternative to bestowing peerages - gave recipient prestige but not land so no more power

Answer 22

lord Thomas Stanley still rebelled and supported the warbeck conspiracy

Answer 23

- reginal bray - Thomas lovell - Richard Guildford - John rissely - giles daubenay

Answer 24

a position as kings councillor was a sign of kings confidence

Answer 25

- 2 chancellors retained their positions for a long time Morton (1486-1500) and William warham (1504-9) - Richard fox became keeper of the privy seal in 1487 till 1516

Answer 26

called by the king to discuss high meters of states usually in an emergency

Answer 27

1485- announcement of henrys marriage 1487- response to lambert simnel threat 1491- authorise war against france 1496- grant a loan of £120,000 for war in Scotland

Answer 28

- wanted to bring as much land as possible to the crown - lands formally owned by warwick, duke of Clarence and Gloucester were almost all retained by Henry throughout his reign - Henry rewarded loyal supporters with land not from crown estates - 1486 passed act of resumption which recovered all properties granted away back to the crown since 1455

Answer 29

Henry did not stamp out illegal retaining | -no written records exists of illegal retaining by nobles suggests nobles hid it from Henry

Answer 30

Henry made it illegal | lords and commons had to swear in parliament they wouldn't illegally retain

Answer 31

- 1504 proclamations had to obtain a license - 1504 act had a penalty of £5 per month - this was applied in 1506 to lord bugavenery with a fine of £70,550

Answer 32

where king took control over estates of minors who were too young to be held responsible for their inheritance until they became of age

Answer 33

where the king took profit from the arranged marriages of heirs and heiresses

Answer 34

where the king was paid in order for someone to recover land from warship

Answer 35

where the king received money as land was inherited - a form of inheritance tac

Answer 36

payments made when land reverts to the crown

Answer 37

JPs were second rank landowners to decrease the control of magnates over the law

Answer 38

- kind dependent on the goodwill of officials - local officials were reluctant to act as it made them unpopular and local officials frequently left unfulfilled so lots of petty crime went unnoticed - jps were not paid

Answer 39

- only met 5 times didnt need to frequently ask for taxation - operated as a judicial court - used to pass acts of attainder - 10% of statutes to deal with JPs

Answer 40

- didnt rely on particular families but from chief advisors Reginald bray - council learned in law ensured that all royal rights were successfully enforced

Answer 41

- council learned in law resented due to its link with bonds and recognisances - hatred became more prominent after 1504 when it was under joint leadership of Empson and Dudley - dudley claimed he acted illegally for the king 80 times

Answer 42

- in the north earl of Surrey ensured kings council were appointed by Henry - Wales jasper Tudor was to govern. Henry revived council of Wales in 1493 under the control of prince Arthur

Answer 43

- ireland, although poynings law passed in 1494 stipulating Ireland could only pass laws with the kings approval any more attempted for control were unsuccessful - sir Edward poynings failed to bring ulster under control- expensive

Answer 44

- lands held by the king by inheritance or confiscation from traitors - Henry vii greatly increased the amount of land he had as a result of Attainders and Resumption (1486). During his reign there were 138 attainders although 46 reversed - 1495 an act of parliament confirmed to Henry VII all of the land of Richard III

Answer 45

- under Edward IV about £15,000 per annum - in early part of Henry VII's reign about £3,000 per annum - estimated that the amount of crown land was 5 times larger by the end of his reign

Answer 46

- 1487 under £350 per annum - 1494 over £1,500 per annum - 1507 over £6,000 - 1502 robert Willoughby de broke paid £400 for livery of lands

Answer 47

1491 friends of the marquis of Dorset signed bonds totalling £10,000 as a promise of his good behaviour

Answer 48

- to pay for English defence notably calais garrison: - prerogative duties on exports of wool, wool fells, leather and cloth - import and export duties of tonnage (wine) and poundage and a subsidy on wool exports

Answer 49

- £70,000 per annum in the last 20 years of Edward IV's reign - £30,000 per annum under Henry VI due to decline of wool exports - £40,000 per annum under Henry VII increased by a new book of rates in 1507 which set new rates that took inflation into account

Answer 50

- fees paid for royal writs and letters- no court action could start without them - fines levied by the court. Henry VII had a policy of punishing by fine, even some treasonable case

Answer 51

varied year by year | difficult to know how much because they were not usually collected in cash

Answer 52

-to help the king when the national interest was threatened

Answer 53

- 1487 request to pay for the battle of stoke - 1489 to go to war against French - 1497 for defence against the Scots and warbeck - usually 30,000 was agreed

Answer 54

from richer subjects in times of emergency. Henry appears to have repaid them

Answer 55

estimated £203,000 gained throughout the reign

Answer 56

a type of forced loan with no repayments

Answer 57

1491 Henry raised £48,500 to take his army to france

Answer 58

- simony - the selling of church appointments - vacant bishops- on the death of a bishop his post would be kept vacant for a time and the king would protect the revenue in the meantime

Answer 59

- in 1489 the convictions voted £25,000 towards the cost of the French war - charged £300 for archdeaconry of Buckingham - later in the reign a lot of bishops died so Henry received £6000 per annum

Answer 60

feudal aid- a due levied on special occasions

Answer 61

£30,000 was levied on the knighting of prince Arthur

Answer 62

part of the treaty of staples 1492 by which a pension was paid by the king of France, really as a bribe to remove English armies from ranch soil

Answer 63

£159,000 to be paid in annual amounts of £5000

Answer 64

carried on beyond the reign of Edward vi

Answer 65

developed by Edward vi and used by Richard III

Answer 66

collect revenue from crown lands (few crown lands besides ducky of Lancaster) and more important taxes and customs

Answer 67

same function as the exchequer

Answer 68

accurate and subjects knew that were with it

Answer 69

- used recievers and officials to get the most profit from estates - faster than the exchequer - part of royal household king had direct control over land - ready supply go money

Answer 70

slow- often dealt with fiances recorded on paper not cash

Answer 71

- 1506 Henry lent £158,000 to Philip of Burgundy to finance his voyage to Spain - lent between £226,000 and £342,000 to emperor Maximilian between 1505 and 1509

Answer 72

created a new trading alliance with the netherlands 'Magnus intercursus' in 1496 which obliged Margaret to stop her support of Yorkist rivals

Answer 73

- A year was spent gathering together an invasion force , which finally crossed the channel in October 1492. This was a masterstroke by Henry. By the time the force arrived in France the campaigning season was almost over and therefore any conflict would be short - Charles, eager to invade Italy, sought peace, which resulted in the Treaty of Etaples. He agreed to pay Henry a pension of 745 000 gold crowns and swore not to support any rebels like Warbeck or the de la Poles. Henry did well to show strength out of a very weak position. - As a result, soon peace was soon offered to Henry and on November 3rd signed the Treaty of Etaples - The result was an annual pension for Henry of approximately £5000 per year. - King of France Charles had promised not to aid Perkin Warbeck and Henry had gained considerable financial benefits that amounted some 5% of Royal income

Answer 74

Treaty of Etaples, by which he agreed to: • give no aid to English rebels - particularly Warbeck • pay the arrears of the Treaty of Picquigny • pay most of Henry's expenses in Brittany.

Answer 75

The League of Venice was established in 1495 with the aim of driving France out of Italy. At first Henry was excluded from this - However, when the League was revamped in 1496 as the holy League, England invited to join. Ferdinand of Aragon was concerned that it was dangerous to exclude England and feared that by doing so England would support France - It's important in European affairs was given further credence when Henry was allowed to join the League on the condition that England was not bound to go to war against France, suggesting that the League would rather have a neutral England than one allied to France. Henry had been able not only to preserve his improved relations with France after the Treaty of Etaples but to negate the Auld Alliance between France and Scotland during his lifetime.

Answer 76

that englands position one Europe was changing

Answer 77

- Henry tried to create a freeway agreement between England, France and the Netherlands. Henry's aim was to establish an anti Ferdinand alliance. - By 1508 it appeared as if Henry had succeeded in developing such an agreement with his French and Hapsburg friends against Ferdinand of Spain through the League of Cambrai. In theory this agreement was supposed to be a League to finance a crusade against Turkey, but the reality was very different as it was an anti-Spanish alliance. - However, the European diplomatic situation changed rapidly. Just before the conclusion of the agreement, Lewis the 12th King of France, decided he dared not join for fear of antagonising Ferdinand. Libyan Ferdinand had reached an agreement over Italy and Lewis did not want to put it at risk by siding in anti-Spanish agreement. He therefore bribed Ferdinand to join him in establishing a new agreement. - When the new agreement was signed by the League that it established was anti Venice and not anti-Spain so it was England who was isolated, as it was not invited to join the new League. - Therefore it can be argued that at the end of his reign Henry had failed, he was diplomatically isolated and his attempt to create an alliance in which England was at the centre but failed.

Answer 78

Henry needed to avoid the threat of invasion from other claimants and the threat of invasion from England traditional enemies of France and Scotland. These two countries could exploit Henry's weak position in order to launch attacks either on England's northern frontier or the South Coast. Scotland was seen as the 'back door' to England and the northern border was a frequent area of border raids, if not full scale invasion. With France allied to Scotland the joint invasion was also possible, which was even more threatening to the King as he could face a war on two fronts.

Answer 79

Henry's claim to the English throne was weak; He was seen as a usurper and not only did he face challenges to his throne from within England, but some European rulers might exploit this weakness to undermine him or, as with Margaret of Burgundy, restore the Yorkist line to the throne. As a consequence, Henry wanted to improve relations with the major powers and getting allies to discourage attacks. He therefore sought alliances with a number of foreign powers in order to gain protection, recognition and guarantees that would not that they would not support other claimants to the English throne. One of the methods used most frequently to achieve this was marriage alliances and Henry sought to marry his children to the sons and daughters of other European rulers in order to develop closer ties.

Answer 80

The dynastic threats to the monarchy in its weak financial position also meant that the avoidance of war was a major aim of Henry. War was very costly, and while the Royal coffers lacked funds, Henry sought to avoid conflict whenever possible. In particular, Henry wants to avoid war with France as not only was it close a close neighbour and allied to Scotland, but it was also financially stronger than England

Answer 81

Although national security is a major concern for Henry, he also wanted to improve England's economic position as increased revenue from trade which strengthen the monarchy. Therefore, Henry wanted to maintain the cloth with trade with Burgundy and develop closer trading relations with other nations, such as Spain. However, trade was secondary to national security and Henry suspended the cloth trade with Burgundy when it supported Warbeck.

Answer 82

- was a traditional enemy and the northern border was a regular area of conflict and raids. - Edward IV had seized the border towns of Berwick and Dunbar, which the Scots were determined to win back and this increased the possibility of hostility between the two countries. - he Auld Alliance between France and Scotland, first signed in 1295, increased the danger on the border as England could face an attack on two fronts. Support from France for Scotland was also vital because Scotland was financially much weaker than England and also had a much smaller population.

Answer 83

- Henry wanted to avoid conflict - Henry was fortunate in that Scotland was more favourably inclined towards him than Richard I, he would supported wades into Scotland, and this, along with Henry's desire and need for peace resulted in a three year truce being signed in July 1486 - The assassination of James III after the battle of Sauchiebburn in 1488, fought against rebellious Scottish nobles, made conflict between the two nations less likely because James is son, James IV was only 15 years old; because of his age, and therefore his inability to lead an army, he was far less likely to wage war against Henry. - However, the Regents ruling Scotland were less friendly towards Henry and the situation was more precarious because Henry support for Brittany against France encouraged relations between France and Scotland to tighten. - to lessen the hostility, Henry maintained contacts at the Scottish court with the Scottish nobility, led by the Earl of Angus, who favoured better relations with England. Henry gave shelter to those Scottish nobles who had been ousted from power and in 1492 aided the successful attempts to overthrow the anti-English Regents. - The coup bought the pro English earl of Angus back to power and resulted in the signing of a nine year truce between the two countries in 1493.

Answer 84

- the achievement was short lived as James IV came of age in 1495 and wanted to assert himself by going to war against the traditional enemy. James his desire for war was aided by the arrival of in Scotland of Perkin Warbeck in July 1495. He was given a Royal welcome by James, was married to his cousin, lady Catherine Gordon, and given military support for an invasion of England in September 1496. - Although Scottish support for Warbeck increased this threat, the invasion was a fiasco as he received no support in England, and James realised that Warbeck was of limited value to him. Moreover, James was concerned that the English parliament had voted funds for an attack on Scotland. He was fearful that if such an attack took place it would be very damaging for Scotland. As a result James did not use the Cornish rising as an opportunity to launch a further attack on England. Instead, when Henry offered terms on which a treaty could be based James was willing to take them up. - This, and the departure of Warbeck, resulted in the truce of Ayton being signed in 1497 and with Warbecks execution in 1499 it became a full treaty.

Answer 85

- The peace of Ayton was a significant achievement for Henry as no peace treaty has been signed between the two countries since 1328. The peace extended the earlier truth and was reinforced by the marriage of Henrys oldest daughter Margaret, to James IV in August 1503. The marriage bought Henry and the Tudors recognition from another European power and helped to consolidate his position on the throne. - Although this agreement resulted in the avoidance of full scale war for the rest of Henry's reign, it did not live up to its other name of the 'Treaty of perpetual peace' and solve the Scottish problem. - Scotland did not abandon the Auld Alliance and border raids continued. Just as significantly, James's expansion of his Navy increased tensions between the two countries in Henrys later years and it could therefore be suggested that Henry had not secured his northern border, but had only been able to stabilise the situation, despite the significance of the treaty.

Answer 86

- The English population and income were smaller than their immediate neighbours and involvement abroad represented additional coasts of transporting armies abroad. - Henry VII’s fleet was insignificant- a total of 7 royal ships on his inheritance and just five by the time he died so in armed diplomacy England was severely disadvantaged - The Treaty of Redon in 1489 brought England into an alliance with Brittany in defiance of French interests. England put further pressure on France by making the Treaty of Medina Del Campo with her southern neighbour, Spain. However, Charles had no intention of backing down and married Anne of Brittany in December 1491 reuniting Brittany with the French crown. - Henry, troubled by Perkin Warbeck was in no position to wage a major war and instead launched a short campaign to reassert English claims to France in October 1492. A short siege of Boulogne was ended by the Treaty of Etaples from which henry secured a pension of 50,000 crowns a year payable until the agreed 745,000 crowns.

Answer 87

The two Spanish kingdoms of Eragon and Castile had become more united through the marriage of their two rulers, Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile, in 1469 and their victory in civil war in 1479. This marriage created a major European power and played a central role in Henry's foreign policy as he sought to strengthen his links with them in terms of both trade and dynastic concerns. In 1488 Henry had suggested to Spain a marriage between his son, Arthur, and Ferdinand and Isabella's youngest daughter, Catherine of Aragon, even though Catherine was only three years old at the time (but was still six months older than Arthur). The proposal was of great significance to Henry because if it was agreed it would give him recognition from a major European power and signify that Spain thought his position on the English throne was secure. However, negotiations were slow as both countries wanted the most favourable agreement.

Answer 88

by the marriage of Castile to Ferdinand of Aragon in 1479

Answer 89

The two countries, England and Spain shared suspicions about the rising power of the French Kingdom.

Answer 90

The treaty of Spain Medina Del Campo 1489 was incredibly significant. Spain had just emerged as a major power after the unification of it in 1479. The Spanish were one of the most important royal families in Europe and they had recognised Henry as legitimate. This was crucial to a usurper as it gave him international recognition.

Answer 91

- Spain would offer no support to English rebels or pretenders. - Catherine of Aragon’s dowry would be 100,000 crowns and both countries would become trading partners - If either country found themselves at war with France the other country would intervene immediately.

Answer 92

Their alliance was cemented in 1501 with the marriage of Henry's eldest son, and heir to the throne, Arthur, to Catherine of Aragon, the daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella. This was a clear acceptance of Henry as a major figure in European politics. But then disaster struck. In 1502 Arthur died. This raised issues about the continuation of the Tudor dynasty (another son, Edmund, had died in 1500). There remained Henry, a boy of eleven. Quickly, Henry proposed his only remaining son for the match. However, the diplomatic situation had changed, France and Spain were at peace. Ferdinand demanded better terms for the marriage. By the following year relations between the two countries were in a state of decline. But then the tables turned again, and this time it was Henry who was able to demand more from the union. Henry arranged that Spain; the Netherlands and England should unite in a strong anti-French alliance.

Answer 93

Spain wanted to regain lands on its Pyrenean borders between France and Spain. In return Spain offered to help England regain Normandy and Aquitaine. Although Spain was able to regain its Borderlands by 1493 it gave little help to Henry. However, this did not appear to concern him. Henry may have realised that the reconquest of lands in France was unrealistic or, having usurped the throne, that it was more important to have secured recognition from a major European Royal family. This view is given greater credence by Henry's decision to celebrate the agreement by minting a new gold sovereign on which he was portrayed wearing the prestigious Imperial Crown, suggesting he considered his power and position more secure.

Answer 94

the final marriage agreement with Spain was not made until 1496 and Catherine did not arrive in England with 100,000 crowns of her dowry until 1501. This delay was in part due to Henry's insecure position and the problem of Warbeck; Spain was not willing to send Catherine to England while there was still the possibility that Henry would be removed from the throne.

Answer 95

However, the marriage agreement in alliance had taken on even greater significance. First, Henry hope to be able to use the closer ties with Spain to gain access to the new Spanish empire, and 2nd, Catherine's sister, Joanna, had married Philip of Burgundy, which had bought Spain and Burgundy closer together and might offer the possibility of another ally should Henry need it. Although Arthur and Catherine were soon married, within five months Arthur was dead.

Answer 96

The death of Isabella of Castile in November 1504 resulted in the Castilian succession crisis which would last until 1506. The death of Isabella ended the anti-French alliance of England, Spain and the Netherlands. Isabella's will be stated that their eldest daughter, Joanna should inherit Castile, while Ferdinand would return to rule just Aragon. Joanna had married archduke Philip of Burgundy, heir to the holy Roman Empire, and he now claimed Castile for her. But Ferdinand was unwilling to abandon the more prosperous Kingdom of Castile. This created a problem for Henry, who wanted to preserve trade links with the Netherlands and did not want to antagonise Philip or his father. They were sheltering the Yorkist claimant, the Earl of Suffolk, and Henry feared that they would support Suffolk in an attack on England to claim the throne for the Yorkists.

Answer 97

The importance of the marriage is clearly seen Henry subsequent suggestion that Catherine should marry the second son, Henry. The King did not want to lose the Spanish alliance and prestige the marriage had bought and, after discussions and a papal dispensation that allowed two people to marry because Prince Henry would be marrying his dead brother’s wife, Catherine was betrothed to Henry in June 1503. However, changes in Spain meant that it would be another six years before the actual marriage took place.

Answer 98

Henry was also worried about losing links with Spain. This development also meant that if Castile came under Burgundians influence, rather than remained as part of Spain, the marriage between Prince Henry and Catherine would bring England less benefit, as Aragon was less influential than the whole of Spain. The conflicting demands ensured the last years of Henry's reign were more difficult and policy direction was subject to quite rapid changes in direction.

Answer 99

there were no invasions as Henry imposed economic sanctions on Maximilian rather than military action. Not long after, in 1496, Maximilian was forced to retract and sign the Magnus Intercursus. It was luck and the weather, that intervened. Bad weather drove Philip onto the English coast and he was forced to take shelter 1499. Whilst a guest of Henry's, Philip was persuaded to sign the treaty with England which promised that the Earl of Suffolk should be handed over to England and that Prince Henry would marry Phillip sister.

Answer 100

Burgundy was England's enemy, and yet at the same time trade with the Low Countries (Flanders, Belgium and the Netherlands) was crucial to England's commercial development. The Burgundy family had ties with the Yorkist family, and was eager to see Yorkists returned to the throne. For this reason, they supported the de la Poles and the rising of Perkin Warbeck. Perkin was accepted by Maximilian as Richard IV, and in return Warbeck declared Maximilian as heir to the English throne

Answer 101

as Aragon and France were usually hostile toward another, Ferdinand had turned support to Louis XII of France. This had prompted Philip to sail to Castile to secure Joanna's inheritance. The closer relations between France and Spain forced England into a closer relationship with Burgundy and Henry lent Phillip money to finance his expedition. It appeared as if relations with Spain were deteriorating as Henry VII, following the death of his wife, considered marrying Margaret of Savoy, Philip sister. Henry also antagonised Ferdinand as he kept Catherine's dowery despite requests to return it and the young Henry was persuaded to complain that marriage to his dead brothers’ wife was against his conscience

Answer 102

when England appeared to be abandoning Spain for a Burgundian alliance the situation changed again. In April 1506 Phillip and Joanna arrived in Castile and received a warm welcome. French support for Ferdinand failed to materialise and he was forced to withdraw to Aragon. It appeared that his attempts to maintain his rule in both castile and Aragon would fail. However, in September 1506 Philip died. This enabled Ferdinand to take Castile, Maximilian took over the Regency of Burgundy for his young grandson, Charles, and Joanna had a breakdown. The prospect of a Spanish marriage between Prince Henry and Catherine was now more appealing. Henry also feared that France would seize the opportunity of weak Regency ruling Burgundy to try to gain land there, so he attempted to restore links with Spain by proposing his own marriage to Joanna. This change of policy to try to restore the Anglo-Burgundian-Spanish alliance did not work and Ferdinand refused to agree to Henry's marriage or send the rest of Catherine's dowery.

Answer 103

However, at the very moment of his apparent triumph Louis XII decided he could not antagonise Spain and reached an agreement with Ferdinand, which became the 1508 League of Cambrai, leaving England excluded and isolated.

Answer 104

From this point onwards Burgundy was in a state of decline, and relations between the two countries improved. In 1506 Philip of Burgundy handed over the Duke of Suffolk (Edmund de la Pole). In these circumstances, the direction of foreign policy changed again and in 1508 Henry abandoned the attempt to restore the English Spanish-Burgundian alliance. Instead, he now tried to get an agreement between England France and burgundy. He revoked the Magnus Intercursus treaty to speed up the prospect of marrying his daughter marry Charles of Ghent and to try to win Burgundian support, even though revoking the treaty was not in English interests as it heavily favoured English merchants. Henry also succeeded in arranging a marriage agreement between archduke Charles, son of Joanna and Philip, and his daughter, Mary. Meanwhile to further embarrass Spain, Henry offered his son to the niece of Louis XII of France. It therefore appeared by 1508 Henry had not only abandoned Spain but had created an anti-Spanish alliance.

Answer 105

-The Magnus Intercursus ended the embargo and allowed English merchants to sell their good wholesale anywhere in Philips land besides Flanders without paying tolls or customs

Answer 106

- 1506 Despite the Magnus Intercursus trading disagreements between England and Burgundy - in 1506 the Malus Intercursus was so unfair that Burgundians went back to the Magnus Intercursus - 1493 there was a ban on English traders using Burgundy because of Maximillian’s support for Perkin Warbeck. Merchants had to use the trading base in Calais instead.

Answer 107

-Throughout his reign Henry had unsuccessfully been able to expand the cloth trade with Burgundy. Furthermore, he also had to ban English trades with Burgundy during 1493 when Maximillian had supported the pretender Perkin Warbeck. This illustrates how Henry had to limit his commercial aspirations due weakness position FAILURE

Answer 108

- The 1489 Treaty of Medina Del Campo allowed for equal trading rights for merchants from both countries and fixed customs duties at a rate that proved favourable for English traders. - From 1489 both sides were on equal terms and received the same rights in each other’s country with duties fixed at an advantageously low rate.

Answer 109

- 1494 Navigation act imposed had damaging effects on the English trade with Spain - England prohibited English traders sending their goods on foreign ships when English ships were available. However, Spain retaliated and forbade the export of goods from Spain and foreign ships if Spanish ships were available.

Answer 110

-Henry achieved some success in establishing a trading route with a new-power Spain. -Spain didn’t allow England to access trade with the new world Although they limited his success in the Mediterranean, he still managed to achieve some success in trading links with Florence and Venice. FAILURE

Answer 111

England had a successful trade link with Portugal and renewed this in 1489.

Answer 112

Successful trading route with the neighbour of Spain who was coming into new-world power encouraged deals success

Answer 113

- Henry retaliated to the huge duty and with a duty of his own on Venetian-borne malmsey and then approached Venice’s rival, Florence - After the treaty with Florence, it restricted England’s wool sales to Venice the Venetians wave in fearing that their wool supply would fall into the hands of Florence and they waived the duty of English shipping in the Levant

Answer 114

-In 1488 the Venetians imposed a huge duty against the English after Henry encouraged English ships to sail to Levant and return the cargoes of malmsey- sweet wine. This was his attempt to challenge the lucrative trade of luxury good and wines to northern Europe. Henry’s aggressive strategy had led to success

Answer 115

Despite his immediate success it is doubtful whether the Venetians would’ve allowed the English to maintain this lucrative position. However, the king was fortunate that Venice was distracted by the outbreak of the Italian wars in 1494, that had no time to water on petty commercial squabbles with England. So, the English merchants were able to take advantage of it.

Answer 116

-The treaty of 1490 with Florence provided for the establishment of an English staple, the only Italian outlet for English wool at Pisa, the port of nearby city of Florence

Answer 117

Successful, henry managed to create a deal with Florence as well as aggravate the Venetians into sequestering the heavy duties imposed on the British.

Answer 118

At various times henry tried to decrease the privileges of the Hansa using the Navigation Acts E.g., In 1487 Henry banned the export of unfinished cloth by alien merchants -1489 prohibition on the Hansa’s exportation of bullion

Answer 119

In 1472 the League had gained considerable privileges from the English Treaty of Utrecht in 1471 - In 1504 Henry supported the Act restoring all Hansa’s privileges as he was trying to gain custody of the Earl of Suffolk. - Hanse defended their right granted to them by Edward IV to be exempt from duties on good exported from England, although they failed their promise to allow merchants free access to the Hanse ports

Answer 120

failure Henry was less successful in his commercial activities in the Hanse and Baltic trade. Henry had to tread wearily in his dealings over this dispute because they were well placed to cause trouble to Henry’s throne. -His dynastic position was his first priority and valuable trade possibilities with the Hanse were sacrificed due to this.