Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A-level Wars of the Roses > 1461-1470 > Flashcards

1461-1470 Flashcards

1
Q

how successful was Edward IV’s 1st rein

FOREIGN POLICY 5

A
  • potential allies in France and Burgundy
  • warwick acted as chief negotiator with France
  • Edward then agreed a treaty with France
  • Edward played the potential allies against each other to get the best rewards
  • warwick left court in 1467 not returning until 1468
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

how successful was Edward IV’s 1st reign

SPLENDOUR AT COURT 5

A
  • Edward tried to look as rich as possible
  • lavish tournaments were particularly important
  • a grand tournament was held as part of Edwards attempt to win over 4th duke of Somerset in 1463
  • queen coronation in 1465
  • the arrival of Burgundian ambassadors in 1467
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

how successful was Edward IV’s 1st reign

ROYAL FINANCES 2

A
  • 1461 commissions to adult royal estates to maximise crown revenues reformed fixed rates to benefit the kind which increase contribution
  • asked for taxes 2 wars 1463 Scotland and 1468 france which did not happen so Edward pocketed the money
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

how successful was Edward IV’s 1st reign

JUSTICE AND ORDER POSITIVE 1

A

-when John pastor twice ignored Edwards command to explain his role in a dispute - Edward said if he didnt come on the 3rd attempt he’d die - paston quickly arrived

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

how successful was Edward IV’s 1st reign

JUSTICE AND ORDER NEGATIVE 6

A
  • by the end of 1467 he was less successful
  • violent feud between lord grey of condor and Vernon family in Derbyshire
  • percy retainers refused to pay rents
  • commons of Kent rioted against earl of rivers
  • 1468 Edward bans retainers nobly green
  • 1470 inheritance dispute lord Berkeley and viscount Lisle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

how successful was Edward IV’s 1st reign

MARRIAGE 10

A
  • september 1464 to Elizabeth woodville
  • already had a marriage arranged to bona of savoury sister in law of Louis XI of france by warwick
  • woodville marriage had no diplomatic advantage
  • she had a previous marriage to sir John grey with 2 children no royal precedent
  • she had a large family Edward had to reward them all
  • included marriages into noble families
  • marriage antagonised warwick
  • 2 female he is woddville marriage hindered marriage opportunites
  • meant there was no alliance with france
  • earl of rivers was made constable and treasurer of England
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

how successful was Edward IV’s 1st reign

ALIENATION OF WARWICK 6

A

-showered warwick with titles such as captain of calais
constable of dover castle
warden of clinque ports
admiral of England and Ireland
-warwick was overly ambitious wanted the whole of Wales and the marches
-the brought warwick into conflict with William Herbert earl of Pembroke
-antagonised by the marriage
-as woodville influence increased Warwickshire decreased
-formed an alliance with Anjou

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

who was jacquetta of Luxembourg 4

A
  • elizabeths mother
  • 2nd most powerful woman in England to Anjou under Henry vi
  • accused of withcraft casting a spell to get Elizabeth married to Edward charges dropped in 1470
  • rivers was a lower status elizabeths father
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

how successful was Edward IV’s 1st reign

ALIENATION OF CLARENCE 4

A
  • the kings unstable overly ambitious brother George duke of clarence
  • resented woodville influence at court
  • fear of losing his privileged position at court he turned to warwick for support
  • the king refused to sanction the marriage between Warwickshire eldest daughter Isabel and Clarence. they started to plot the destruction of the woodvilles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

how successful was Edward IV’s 1st reign

NOBILITY POSITIVE 5

A
  • new nobility included William lord Hastings and William Lord Herbert
  • former opponents like lord rivers and Stanley were welcomed to court
  • didnt give too much power to new nobles
  • families of executed earl of Oxford was allowed to keep their family land
  • land = independent army
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

how successful was Edward IV’s 1st reign

NOBILITY NEGATIVE 5

A
  • in contrast he gave lots to his brother George duke of clarence
  • in 1461 he made Warwickshire brother John, lord montage
  • in 1464 battle of exam he was made earl of northumberland a title held by the Percys
  • gave the title back to the Percys
  • when warwick rebelled for the 3rd time John joined him
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

how successful was Edward IV’s 1st reign

LANCASTRIAN OPPOSITION NEGATIVE 8

A
  • lancastrians had help from france and scotland
  • 1462 excited earl of Oxford and son
  • captured Alnwick, dustanburgh and Bamburg castle
  • William Herbert defeated opposition in Wales
  • didnt kill at the battle of hexam after he was captured in 1465
  • somerset 4th fled back to henry
  • he gave Percy back bamburgh and dustanburgh castles but in 1462 Percy gave castles to Anjou. Edward got it back and gives it to Ralph Percy again then Percy gives it to the scots- should he have been executed
  • only attained 14 nobles in 1461 most were already dead juxtaposed parliament of devils
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

how successful was Edward IV’s 1st reign

LANCASTRAIN OPPOSITION POSITIVE 2

A
  • didnt lose the crown immediately

- 4th duke of somerset was on his side for some time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

how did Edward regain the throne in 1471

Edwards tactics and duplicity 6

A
  • Edward initially had 1200 men
  • Edward landed in England on the Yorkshire coast claiming he only wanted to be the duke of york March 1471
  • edwards trick worked and his army could eat and rest before heading south
  • Edward wore the ostrich feather badge of the prince of Wales rather than the crown which gained him access into northern towns including york tadcaster Wakefield and Doncaster
  • when he went south the earl of northumberland didnt stop him most likely because Edward had given him back his earldom in 1470
  • montagu Warwicks brother didnt stop him
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

how did Edward regain the throne in 1471

Clarence swapping sides 3

A
  • one of Edwards greatest gains was his brother George duke of Clarence
  • he had supported warwick but after advice from his mother and sister he switched loyalty back to Edward
  • meant Edward had more support
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

how did Edward regain the throne in 1471

support from burgundy 3

A
  • in december 1470 France attacked Burgundy
  • before this Burgundy was hesitant to give support to England but after the attack duke Charles of Burgundy gave Edward help so Edward could win back the crown and then support Burgundy
  • Burgundy gave Edward £20,000 ships and facilities to prepare an invasion
17
Q

how did Edward regain the throne in 1471

Henry VI weakness 2

A
  • when Edward headed to London king Henry accompanied by the Archbishop of York paraded round the streets to gain support
  • it was approached by ridicule Henry appeared pathetic he wore an old blue gown and appeared as week and old contrasting to edward
18
Q

how did Edward regain the throne in 1471

warwick and lancaster distrust 3

A
  • Margaret of anjou and warwick were deeply divided
  • anjou and prince Edward remained in france as Margaret didnt trust warwick rough to send prince Edward over with warwick
  • lancastrains didnt trust warwick so instead of uniting with warwick they preferred to join Margaret of anjou in the south west splitting the forces in half
19
Q

how did Edward regain the throne in 1471

Luck Fog at Barnet 7

A
  • 14th April 1471 Battle of Barnet
  • the fog at barnet was extremely thick
  • there was confusion of warwicks army
  • they were confused because the earl of oxfords livery - a star with streams looked similar to Edwards the sun with streams
  • warwicks men fought the earl of oxfords men
  • oxfords men cried treason and fled
  • montagu and warwick were killed
20
Q

Edwards 2nd reign

Livery and maintenance 4

A
  • retainers could be used as armed forces
  • in his first reign in 1468 passed a statute prohibiting retaining except for domestic servants
  • Edward didnt enforce the law on retaining however it was not significant as no serious plots between 1871-83
  • however many nobles continued to maintain them for lawful services 64 new retainers between 1469-82
21
Q

Edwards 2nd reign

law and order

A

MERCY REDWARD AND PUNISHMENT
Mercy
-sir Richard tundstell was loyal to all kings. he was pardoned in 1472 and served Edward. showed Edwards political sense no need to punish or execute someone who is loyal
Punishment
-sir John paston failed to answer two royal summons, Edward threatened execution. paston arrived and thrown into prison
Reward
William neville was a soldier and nobleman. he was made a member of Edwards IV council and appointed lieutenant of the north

22
Q

Edwards 2nd reign

law and order – rebellion in Kent 3

A
  • Thomas bastard of faconburg stirred up calling for those in Kent to rise
  • it failed and he was executed
  • supported by pro neville governor of calais
23
Q

Edwards 2nd reign

law and order – 2

A
  • Wales executed Yorkist noble Roger vaunt of tretower

- by October 1471 Lancastrian strongholds in Wales Pembroke and tenby surrendered

24
Q

Edwards 2nd reign

law and order – success or failure

A

yes because no plots to kill Edward between 1471-1483

no because Wales was still a threat. Henry vii used it to claim the throne in 1485

25
Q

Edwards 2nd reign

foreign policy - Brittany and Burgundy 4

A
  • Edward tried to exploit their fear of france
  • they were reluctant to stir up the French as france was very powerful after hundred year war success
  • 1472 Edward sent 3000 archers to Brittany. Francis duke of Burgundy signed a treaty of 8000 men if England invaded france
  • treaty of London ratified in 1474 stated if either was attacked by france they would aid each other
26
Q

Edwards 2nd reign

foreign policy france 2

A
  • france had given refuge to jasper and Henry Tudor in 1471. Louis XI had also helped Henry VI and Anjou in 1470
  • Edward wanted to protect calais so he (1471-5) planned an invasion into france
27
Q

Edwards 2nd reign

foreign policy Scotland 3

A
  • before Edward went to war with france he wanted to make sure Scotland wasn’t a threat
  • in October 1473 he negotiated a treaty with James III. Edward offered 4 year old Cecily in marriage to James 6 month old son and £20,000 would last until they were 14 ensuring peace for a decade
  • 1481 treaty broke military consequence by Edwards brother Gloucester. captured Edinburgh and Scottish retreated
28
Q

Edwards 2nd reign

foreign policy invasion of france 3

A
  • 1475 Edward invaded france with an army of 12,000 men from calais to northern France
  • troops from Burgundy didnt show up
  • signed the treaty of Picquiny 1475 a 7 year truce. England was paid £15,000 immediately and £10,000 annually
29
Q

Edwards 2nd reign

Clarence and Gloucester 7

A
  • Richard duke of Gloucester was given warwicks confiscated land in north
  • clarence was given warwicks southern estates and lands from courtenay earl of devon
  • clarence was angry at the favouritism to Gloucester. so Edward granted Clarence the lands of the earldom of Richmond as Henry Tudor was in exile - originally given to Gloucester
  • Edward now had to satisfy Gloucester. Gloucester was allowed to marry Anne neville which angered Clarence as they could claim warwicks land
  • clarence assured warwick lands were safe and was made earl of warwick and Salisburys. also granted royal appointment at court great chamberlain of England in may 1472 beforehand it was Gloucesters position
  • november 1473 parliament passed act of resumption where they were both deprived of royal grants titles and land.
  • estates restored in may 1474
30
Q

Edwards 2nd reign

Clarence and Gloucester Clarence and the woodvilles 3

A
  • clarence public resentment toward earl of river and the queen Elizabeth woodville
  • in 1476 wife died and he wanted to marry a foreign bridge . Edward refused to allow marriage to Mary daughter of Charles the bold duke of Burgundy might set a dangerous precedent
  • then wanted to Marry daughter of Scotland and Edward refused to sanction this too
31
Q

Edwards 2nd reign

Clarence and Gloucester Clarence executed

A
  • Elizabeth woodville convinced Clarence was conspiring against succession of her son prince Edward
  • in February 1478 Clarence was tried for high treason found guilt and was executed
32
Q

what is readeption

A

the restoration of Henry vi to the throne

33
Q

Edwards 2nd reign parliament 4

A
  • 1478 parliament to attaint duke of clarence
  • 113 acts of attainder were issued
  • majority of statutes concerned finance and the economy
  • 1472-1475 Edward gained taxation on a scale not seen since Henry v -£100k and £50k from church despite the misappropriation of taxes form the 1st reign
34
Q

Edwards 2nd reign justice of the peace JPs 4

A
  • 18 per county appointed amongst landowners
  • maintained order and implemented royal and social status eg regulation of wages
  • not paid as they are landowners so in their best interest
  • acted as judges 4x a year met in quarter session to try those accused of serious crimes but not treason. in practice serious crime were traditionally presented to the assize court overseen by professional judge
35
Q

Edwards 2nd reign Finance 7

A
  • 1st reign Edward used chamber system over exchequer increased crown revenue to £70k
  • extraction of benevadance passed through east Anglia asking how much they’d gift him instead of taxes raising £22k
  • exploration of royal rights increasing income from wards
  • together admin of trade exports of wool cloth and tin increasing customs from £25k to £35k
  • more efficient admin of estates increasing crown lands £15,000
  • however his attempt to change the national assessment raising tax unsuccessful only raised 50% of expected income
  • Henry vi have over £350k debt and yet Edward died solvent -the first monarch to do for for 100years
36
Q

Edwards 2nd reign administration 4

A
  • appointed gentry to serve as JPs
  • appointed of crown commissioners to travel the country to support law enforcement
  • appointed local magnets to control regions ed Richard duke of Gloucester in the north
  • all were members of his household extending authority
37
Q

Edwards 2nd reign law and order

A
  • Edward had a central legal system serious crimes dealt with judges in king assize courts held twice a year
  • crimes serious enough for the crown to intervene by commissioner of over et terminer
38
Q

Edwards 2nd reign sherriffs 3

A
  • responsible for mustering militia by local landowners responsible for peace and arrests
  • annually appointed by local landowners
  • Edward communicated with sheriffs through written orders Writs checked by justices of assize and commissioners of over and terminer
39
Q

Bosworth 1485 4

A
  • Richard need complete victory over Henry and the exiled yorkists when news reached that Henry had landed he celebrated
  • Henry’s force was an anti Richard alliance of members of Edward IV’s household, French and Scots, earl of Oxford and former Lancastrians and as they marched from Wales to England their numbers grew with those who were involved in 1483 rebellion being summoned to fight for Richard but helping Henry . His uncle jasper Tudor was popular in Wales
  • Richard had a larger army, had lord Stanley’s son hostage to stop the Stanleys joining Henry
  • Richard army looked close to winning until Stanley force intervened and Richard was killed.

A-level Wars of the Roses (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions