1455-1461 Flashcards
who was Jack Cade
was the leader of the rebellion. Cades identity is unknown
He used an alias John Mortimer to possibly imply kinship with Richard Duke Of York
Died resisting arrest in 1450
What local problems caused Cades Rebellion 6
Lord Saye threatened to turn Kent into a Wasteland
Followers accused of fining people for crimes they were innocent of
Passed taxes onto others to reduce tax burden
fixing elections in his favour
corruption
France starts to attack Kent
what was the trigger cause of Cades Rebellion
Henry vi banished Duke of Suffolk however was assassinated and was found on the shores of Kent
2nd May 1450
why did the evil counsel help cause Cades Rebellion
Suffolk and others were described as the evil counsel and people wanted them gone
What were the national problems that caused cades rebellion 4
- no justice for corruption or abuse eg tallboys or paston
- kings wealth being exploited- impoverishing the crown
- exclusion of Gloucester and (York removed from post in France given to Somerset and Leiutenancy in Ireland)
- loss of land in France believed it was Suffolk and others sold it war leads to trade slump, leads to collapse in cloth prices less work and lower pay dearth
how did Henry VI cause Cades Rebellion 7
- attempted to get Suffolk off the hook by exily
- could be blamed for Gloucester death
- repeats with Lord Saye during the rebellion
- pacifist out of touch with nobility who sought fame and fortune from war
- rift between Gloucester and Suffolk was one only a capable King could solve
- nautral fool
- very young and inexperienced -29
what happened during Cade’s Rebellion
- 11th June 1450- 46,000 rebels meet at Blackheath outside London
- Henry VI sent a force to disperse rebels led by William Stafford. They were defeated by the rebels
- 29th June 1450 the Bishop of Salisbury William Asycough was murdered. Henry fled to Warwickshire. Cades forces encamped at Southwark
- 3rd July 1450 rebels moved towards London Bridge, cut the ropes stopping it from being raised
- the rebels sought out and arrested James Fiennes, Baron Say and William Crowmer
- rebels began to Loot in London, a set of pardons was released for the rebels to bring the revolt to an end.
- 12th July 1450 Cade was not pardoned and was arrested
what were the consequences of Cades Rebellion 4
Henry VI’s demanded Cades arrest -killed
most of the mob accepted the promise of pardon
neither the king nor parliament agreed to any of the demands
many ringleaders were captured and killed
Who was Henry Holland
2ND Duke of Exeter
what did Henry Holland 2nd Duke of Exeter 4
- possible heir to the throne
- wanted to be protector when Henry ill
- feuded with Lord Cromwell and allied with Lord Egroment to rebel when York was appointed in 1454
- he fought for Lancastrians until captured after Battle of Barent 1471
- Died in 1475
Describe Margaret of Anjiou’s bid for reagent 5
- queens in medieval times did not have any direct involvement in governance
- had power in Leicester
- took control. after Yorks attempted coup at Dartford Margaret corresponded with the duchess of York to mediate on her husbands behalf
- wanted to be reagent but there was little support as she was a woman and French
- it was the first sign of Margarets interest in political matters
how did york become protectorate (1st protectorate) 2
- reservation from the archbishop of Canterbury as people thought York would seek revenge
- Parliament was called by York in February 1454. Attendance was so poor that fines for non-attendance were imposed on peers too give York’s protectorate legitimacy
attempts by York to build support (1st Protectorate) 2
- Resistance from the Duke of Exeter and Percy’s. Exeter felt his claim to the Protector was stronger
- did not remove Bonville or the earl of Wiltshire. Lost lond standing ally Earl of Devon
what reforms did York introduce (1st Protectorate) 4
- reduced the royal household expenditure from £24,000 in 1450 to £5,193 in 1455
- Persuaded wool merchants to restore loans to the crown to increase income
- also attempted to protect English merchants by funding the Navy
- wool trade was positive for the economy
- took control of Calais
how well did york deal with disorder and justice (1st Protectorate) 4
- distributed grants more sparingly
- in attempts to resolve the Courtenay and Bonville feud in Devon he lost ally Devon along the way. Supporters expected to be rewarded
- exeter joined the Percys in the north and saw them attack Neville property and control the city of york for 5 days in May 1454. York gathered an army and went north
- Exeter fled to London taking sanctuary in Westminster Abbey where he was removed by York
who was Thomas Courtenay
5th Earl OF Devon
Thomas courtenay 5th Earl of Devon 4
- feuds with Lord Bonville and the Earl of Wiltshire caused unrest in the South-west
- felt betrayed by York after York sided with Bonvilles
- previously supported York
- Felt so betrayed by York that in 14555 he fought against York in the Battle of St Albans.
consequences of Cade’s rebellion 5
- many ring leaders were captured and killed
- neither the king nor parliament agreed to any of the demands
- Henry vi demanded cades arrest
- most of the mob accepted the promise of pardon
- cade was killed
what happened in 1450- York and somerset feud
- york in charge of problems in Ireland.
- Somerset in charge
- after cade’s rebellion, york made two attempts to overthrow Somerset
- launched a political campaign. Hr had the support of ordinary people but not amongst the nobility as the Mortimer name was associated with Cade’s rebellion
- politically isolated
what happened in 1452- York and Somerset feud 3
- york turned down the opportunity to become part of the king’s council
- york staged a coup he marched a small army to challenge Somerset but backed down due to little support
- humiliated
what happened in 1453- york and Somerset feud 2
- gascony in france was lost and Somerset was blamed
- Henry fell ill and was catatonic for 18 months
what happened in 1454- york and Somerset feud 2
- appointed york as protector
- he imprisoned Somerset in the tower of London
what happened in 1455- york and Somerset feud
- Henry recovered in December 1454
- somerset regained power
- on 22nd may 1455 Somerset was killed at the battle of St Albans
- york begged Henry for forgiveness
- Henry was injured at st Albans
why did york staged a coup in 1452 3
- york claimed Somerset was acting against him
- york was seeking removal of Somerset because of his failures in France eg normandy
- in 1450 york launched a political campaign he tried to remove Somerset from his position of power. He tried to achieve this through parliament but was unsuccessful so tried through force
what happened in the 1452 coup 7
- In september 1451 york turned down the offer to join the King’s council in coventry
- had the support of William Courtenay, earl of devon and then marched headed to London with an army. Propaganda was issued at towns to gain support. He also issued statements of allegiance to the king to prevent being accused of treason
- no other members of the nobility were prepared to join him. Kent and London did not rise
- 2nd March 1452 reached Dartford to find the kingthere with anatomy of his own. York decided to beg for the king’s forgiveness was forced to swear an oath of allegiance
- he was not charge with treason and he was the remain isolated from court for 18 months
reasons for York’s lack of success in 1452 coup
- 1452 the campaign was going well in France, Henry was actively overseeing justice
- London and kent did not rise up to help
- yorks actions looked like treason so no one wanted to intervene
- the nobility did not support york and stayed loyal to the king
who was William aiscough 3
bishop of salisbury
-he was a royal councillor and one of the unpopular evil councillors named by cade rebels in 1450
he fled London fearing for his safety but was hacked to death by a mob in wiltshire during Cade’s rebellion
who was Edmund Beaufort 2nd duke of Somerset 6
he had a successful military career in France until 1449 when he was the commander at the time of the loss of English holdings in Normandy. as a result he was blamed for the loss
- he was the main rival to Richard duke of york
- gascony in france was lost and Henry fell ill and somerset was imprisoned by york after Henry recovered he was back as leading advisor
- he was killed at the battle of St Albans in 1455 where he was deliberately targeted
- family connection to the king through the beaufort line
- somerset had a relationship with Henry vi mother Catherine of Valois when she was young but the council intervened and stopped it from continuing
what motivated york to return from Ireland - Money 4
- his wages as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland were not paid
- in 1450 he was selling land to make ends meet
- he was owed £26,000 from the government
- somerset was having loans repaid before others
what motivated york to return from Ireland - end corruption 5
- was asked to join the king council
- end of september 1450 york made a public statement calling all traitors to be bought to justice
- emnity rivalry between york and somerset
- returns to poor reception -1450 trust gone
- somerset suspicious of motives. 1452 coup
what motivated york to return from Ireland - reputation 2
- returned uninvited, heir presumptive felt he should’ve been chief advisor
- travelled to London sending letters of loyalty
what motivated york to return from Ireland - ambition to take the throne 3
- people saw him as a replacement king - one of the molly’s murderers said infant of the king he wanted to put york on the throne
- landed in england without permission with 3,000 men
- mortimer name associated with cades rebellion but nothing in manifesto to want york on the throne
what motiavted york to return from Ireland- Somerset 3
- somerset was not paying york to weaken him
- somerset feared york planned to remove him 1450
- encouraged londoners against him, Somerset locked in tower for his own protection
problems with patronage 4
-Henry vi made grants out of personal generosity instead of strengthening himself
-two examples of this were the endowments of Eton 1440 and King’s 1443
-was put a financial strain on the king forcing him to borrow from nobles
-another generous example of patronage was giving Adam Molyens and William Asycough bishoprics -
molten given bishop of Chichester
Asycough given kings confessor
1450 act of resumption
tried to recalim Henry vi gifts
it was unsuccessful as Henry made excuses for those in his household
1451 act of resumption
proved more successful than the first resumption
who is William de la pole 1st duke of Suffolk 6
- successful soldier but blamed for loss in france
- unfairly distributed patronage - those around him such as Lord Say, Bishop of salisbury and Chicester Percy and bonvilles had power and injustice for everyone else
- the crown was in poverty the king struggled to cover the cost of his and the queens household
- taxes meant to be for war used to pay crown debts
- suffolk protected people like William tailboys so he was untouchable -tailboys was responsible for 3deaths, numerous robberies and 8 assaults. in 1449 accused of attempted murder of lord Cromwell
- suffolk arrested, Henry exiled him but killed and found dead in kent in 1450
contrasting views of suffolk - positive
suffolk attempted the fill the void left by the king and act in the countries best interest
contrasting views of suffolk - negative 6
-evil counsel- bad advisors
-peacy policy- 1440 crown income was £10k but the expenditure was 60k, war costs £20k debt £15k
-1449 £372k
-1450 income declined 25%
-suffolk and others were defending people like Tailboys
-suffolk was blamed for loses in france and kept secret deals from parliament
Henry vi and anjou marriage agreement handing over Maine
