1455-1461 Flashcards
1
Q
who was Jack Cade
A
was the leader of the rebellion. Cades identity is unknown
He used an alias John Mortimer to possibly imply kinship with Richard Duke Of York
Died resisting arrest in 1450
2
Q
What local problems caused Cades Rebellion 6
A
Lord Saye threatened to turn Kent into a Wasteland
Followers accused of fining people for crimes they were innocent of
Passed taxes onto others to reduce tax burden
fixing elections in his favour
corruption
France starts to attack Kent
3
Q
what was the trigger cause of Cades Rebellion
A
Henry vi banished Duke of Suffolk however was assassinated and was found on the shores of Kent
2nd May 1450
4
Q
why did the evil counsel help cause Cades Rebellion
A
Suffolk and others were described as the evil counsel and people wanted them gone
5
Q
What were the national problems that caused cades rebellion 4
A
- no justice for corruption or abuse eg tallboys or paston
- kings wealth being exploited- impoverishing the crown
- exclusion of Gloucester and (York removed from post in France given to Somerset and Leiutenancy in Ireland)
- loss of land in France believed it was Suffolk and others sold it war leads to trade slump, leads to collapse in cloth prices less work and lower pay dearth
6
Q
how did Henry VI cause Cades Rebellion 7
A
- attempted to get Suffolk off the hook by exily
- could be blamed for Gloucester death
- repeats with Lord Saye during the rebellion
- pacifist out of touch with nobility who sought fame and fortune from war
- rift between Gloucester and Suffolk was one only a capable King could solve
- nautral fool
- very young and inexperienced -29
7
Q
what happened during Cade’s Rebellion
A
- 11th June 1450- 46,000 rebels meet at Blackheath outside London
- Henry VI sent a force to disperse rebels led by William Stafford. They were defeated by the rebels
- 29th June 1450 the Bishop of Salisbury William Asycough was murdered. Henry fled to Warwickshire. Cades forces encamped at Southwark
- 3rd July 1450 rebels moved towards London Bridge, cut the ropes stopping it from being raised
- the rebels sought out and arrested James Fiennes, Baron Say and William Crowmer
- rebels began to Loot in London, a set of pardons was released for the rebels to bring the revolt to an end.
- 12th July 1450 Cade was not pardoned and was arrested
8
Q
what were the consequences of Cades Rebellion 4
A
Henry VI’s demanded Cades arrest -killed
most of the mob accepted the promise of pardon
neither the king nor parliament agreed to any of the demands
many ringleaders were captured and killed
9
Q
Who was Henry Holland
A
2ND Duke of Exeter
10
Q
what did Henry Holland 2nd Duke of Exeter 4
A
- possible heir to the throne
- wanted to be protector when Henry ill
- feuded with Lord Cromwell and allied with Lord Egroment to rebel when York was appointed in 1454
- he fought for Lancastrians until captured after Battle of Barent 1471
- Died in 1475
11
Q
Describe Margaret of Anjiou’s bid for reagent 5
A
- queens in medieval times did not have any direct involvement in governance
- had power in Leicester
- took control. after Yorks attempted coup at Dartford Margaret corresponded with the duchess of York to mediate on her husbands behalf
- wanted to be reagent but there was little support as she was a woman and French
- it was the first sign of Margarets interest in political matters
12
Q
how did york become protectorate (1st protectorate) 2
A
- reservation from the archbishop of Canterbury as people thought York would seek revenge
- Parliament was called by York in February 1454. Attendance was so poor that fines for non-attendance were imposed on peers too give York’s protectorate legitimacy
13
Q
attempts by York to build support (1st Protectorate) 2
A
- Resistance from the Duke of Exeter and Percy’s. Exeter felt his claim to the Protector was stronger
- did not remove Bonville or the earl of Wiltshire. Lost lond standing ally Earl of Devon
14
Q
what reforms did York introduce (1st Protectorate) 4
A
- reduced the royal household expenditure from £24,000 in 1450 to £5,193 in 1455
- Persuaded wool merchants to restore loans to the crown to increase income
- also attempted to protect English merchants by funding the Navy
- wool trade was positive for the economy
- took control of Calais
15
Q
how well did york deal with disorder and justice (1st Protectorate) 4
A
- distributed grants more sparingly
- in attempts to resolve the Courtenay and Bonville feud in Devon he lost ally Devon along the way. Supporters expected to be rewarded
- exeter joined the Percys in the north and saw them attack Neville property and control the city of york for 5 days in May 1454. York gathered an army and went north
- Exeter fled to London taking sanctuary in Westminster Abbey where he was removed by York
16
Q
who was Thomas Courtenay
A
5th Earl OF Devon
17
Q
Thomas courtenay 5th Earl of Devon 4
A
- feuds with Lord Bonville and the Earl of Wiltshire caused unrest in the South-west
- felt betrayed by York after York sided with Bonvilles
- previously supported York
- Felt so betrayed by York that in 14555 he fought against York in the Battle of St Albans.
18
Q
consequences of Cade’s rebellion 5
A
- many ring leaders were captured and killed
- neither the king nor parliament agreed to any of the demands
- Henry vi demanded cades arrest
- most of the mob accepted the promise of pardon
- cade was killed
19
Q
what happened in 1450- York and somerset feud
A
- york in charge of problems in Ireland.
- Somerset in charge
- after cade’s rebellion, york made two attempts to overthrow Somerset
- launched a political campaign. Hr had the support of ordinary people but not amongst the nobility as the Mortimer name was associated with Cade’s rebellion
- politically isolated
20
Q
what happened in 1452- York and Somerset feud 3
A
- york turned down the opportunity to become part of the king’s council
- york staged a coup he marched a small army to challenge Somerset but backed down due to little support
- humiliated
21
Q
what happened in 1453- york and Somerset feud 2
A
- gascony in france was lost and Somerset was blamed
- Henry fell ill and was catatonic for 18 months
22
Q
what happened in 1454- york and Somerset feud 2
A
- appointed york as protector
- he imprisoned Somerset in the tower of London
23
Q
what happened in 1455- york and Somerset feud
A
- Henry recovered in December 1454
- somerset regained power
- on 22nd may 1455 Somerset was killed at the battle of St Albans
- york begged Henry for forgiveness
- Henry was injured at st Albans
24
Q
why did york staged a coup in 1452 3
A
- york claimed Somerset was acting against him
- york was seeking removal of Somerset because of his failures in France eg normandy
- in 1450 york launched a political campaign he tried to remove Somerset from his position of power. He tried to achieve this through parliament but was unsuccessful so tried through force
25
what happened in the 1452 coup 7
- In september 1451 york turned down the offer to join the King's council in coventry
- had the support of William Courtenay, earl of devon and then marched headed to London with an army. Propaganda was issued at towns to gain support. He also issued statements of allegiance to the king to prevent being accused of treason
- no other members of the nobility were prepared to join him. Kent and London did not rise
- 2nd March 1452 reached Dartford to find the kingthere with anatomy of his own. York decided to beg for the king's forgiveness was forced to swear an oath of allegiance
- he was not charge with treason and he was the remain isolated from court for 18 months
26
reasons for York's lack of success in 1452 coup
- 1452 the campaign was going well in France, Henry was actively overseeing justice
- London and kent did not rise up to help
- yorks actions looked like treason so no one wanted to intervene
- the nobility did not support york and stayed loyal to the king
27
who was William aiscough 3
bishop of salisbury
-he was a royal councillor and one of the unpopular evil councillors named by cade rebels in 1450
he fled London fearing for his safety but was hacked to death by a mob in wiltshire during Cade's rebellion
28
who was Edmund Beaufort 2nd duke of Somerset 6
he had a successful military career in France until 1449 when he was the commander at the time of the loss of English holdings in Normandy. as a result he was blamed for the loss
- he was the main rival to Richard duke of york
- gascony in france was lost and Henry fell ill and somerset was imprisoned by york after Henry recovered he was back as leading advisor
- he was killed at the battle of St Albans in 1455 where he was deliberately targeted
- family connection to the king through the beaufort line
- somerset had a relationship with Henry vi mother Catherine of Valois when she was young but the council intervened and stopped it from continuing
29
what motivated york to return from Ireland - Money 4
- his wages as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland were not paid
- in 1450 he was selling land to make ends meet
- he was owed £26,000 from the government
- somerset was having loans repaid before others
30
what motivated york to return from Ireland - end corruption 5
- was asked to join the king council
- end of september 1450 york made a public statement calling all traitors to be bought to justice
- emnity rivalry between york and somerset
- returns to poor reception -1450 trust gone
- somerset suspicious of motives. 1452 coup
31
what motivated york to return from Ireland - reputation 2
- returned uninvited, heir presumptive felt he should've been chief advisor
- travelled to London sending letters of loyalty
32
what motivated york to return from Ireland - ambition to take the throne 3
- people saw him as a replacement king - one of the molly's murderers said infant of the king he wanted to put york on the throne
- landed in england without permission with 3,000 men
- mortimer name associated with cades rebellion but nothing in manifesto to want york on the throne
33
what motiavted york to return from Ireland- Somerset 3
- somerset was not paying york to weaken him
- somerset feared york planned to remove him 1450
- encouraged londoners against him, Somerset locked in tower for his own protection
34
problems with patronage 4
-Henry vi made grants out of personal generosity instead of strengthening himself
-two examples of this were the endowments of Eton 1440 and King's 1443
-was put a financial strain on the king forcing him to borrow from nobles
-another generous example of patronage was giving Adam Molyens and William Asycough bishoprics -
molten given bishop of Chichester
Asycough given kings confessor
35
1450 act of resumption
tried to recalim Henry vi gifts
| it was unsuccessful as Henry made excuses for those in his household
36
1451 act of resumption
proved more successful than the first resumption
37
who is William de la pole 1st duke of Suffolk 6
- successful soldier but blamed for loss in france
- unfairly distributed patronage - those around him such as Lord Say, Bishop of salisbury and Chicester Percy and bonvilles had power and injustice for everyone else
- the crown was in poverty the king struggled to cover the cost of his and the queens household
- taxes meant to be for war used to pay crown debts
- suffolk protected people like William tailboys so he was untouchable -tailboys was responsible for 3deaths, numerous robberies and 8 assaults. in 1449 accused of attempted murder of lord Cromwell
- suffolk arrested, Henry exiled him but killed and found dead in kent in 1450
38
contrasting views of suffolk - positive
suffolk attempted the fill the void left by the king and act in the countries best interest
39
contrasting views of suffolk - negative 6
-evil counsel- bad advisors
-peacy policy- 1440 crown income was £10k but the expenditure was 60k, war costs £20k debt £15k
-1449 £372k
-1450 income declined 25%
-suffolk and others were defending people like Tailboys
-suffolk was blamed for loses in france and kept secret deals from parliament
Henry vi and anjou marriage agreement handing over Maine
40
who were the beauforts
illegitimate lancastrian line. descended from John of gaunt and his wife Katherine swynford. they later married and the children were legitimised
-cardinal beaufort was a major source of finance lending the crown £200,000 during the hundred year war
41
who was Humphrey stafford duke of Gloucester 3
- he was appalled at the truce of tours 1444 and criticised the peace policy with france
- 1n 1447 probably in order to silence him Gloucester was arrested being accused of treason. he was dead within days
42
problems with law and order 1450-1452 4
- abuses in power with land disputes
- land ownership was the key to prosperity
- Henry vi was incapable of settling disputes
- the pistons family in Norfolk found a major of theirs at Gesham was taken over by Robert Hungerford Lord Moleyns. Paston wanted to see him punished. Lord Molyens was a key member of Suffolks faction, pastors were told their case would be unsuccessful
43
Henry vi illness impact and recovery 5
- from august 1453 to January 1453. Henry was catatonic unable to rule the country
- conflict between Percy and neville families needed a king to intervene
- in december 1454 the king began to recover
- in 1455 Yorks protectorate ended
- 4th February Somerset was released from the tower and was released from the tower and was restored from power
44
Richard duke of York's input in 1455 deterioration 5
- power not on council
- dartford coup
- too ambitious
- somerset remained in tower of London but not killing Somerset so the problem remained
- whips public support in Kent London and house of commons
45
Warwick input in 1455 deterioration 2
- supported Richard duke of york
| - st albans skirmish
46
Henry vi input in 1455 deterioration 6
- too generous with patronage
- Henry illness and recovery
- failure in france
- mismanagement of government
- disappointed nobility with peace policy
- heavily indebted to Richard duke of york
47
somerset and Anjou 1455 deterioration 3
- repeating Suffolks mistakes
- in charge if france when they lost it - Norfolks complaint
- clique that dominates court and household
48
Henry vi patronage 3
- his father was Henry v of England was extremely successful in his conquests in france - an almost impossible task to follow
- Henry vi was not well suited to being king, he was very religious and spent more time developing kings and Eton college than ruling the country
- king at 9 months old uncles ruled for him for some time -no role model on how to rule
49
King Henry VI problems with patronage 6
- unfairly divided patronage between nobles
- the crown was already in poverty and generous patronage made it worse
- suffolk and those surrounding him were too powerful such as Lord Saye meaning there was no justice for those opposing suffolk eg pastons
- king needed to intervene but never did
- many people complained about Henry vi evil advisors
- tried to exile suffolk instead of imprisonment -ended up triggering cades rebellion
50
Henry VI catatonic state
from august 1453 to December 1455 Henry was completely catatonic unable to communicate
-led to york becoming protector until Henry vi fully recovered
51
Henry VI end of life
he was deposed by Edward IV in 1461 and fled to Scotland after Towton. Reinstated by Warwick 1470 and died 1481 in Tower of London
52
Henry VI conflict between nobles 4
- didnt intervene in any conflicts happening between nobility when intervention was needed
- york and somerset
- percys and nevilles
- bonvilles and courtenays
53
Margaret of Anjou background 2
- married Henry vi when she was 15. she was French so was disliked by many
- was never liked in London but had power in Leicester and midlands
54
Margaret of Anjou energies with york 6
- after St Albans and the death of Somerset Anjou disliked york
- in order to protect her sons position as her she moved her court to Coventry in the Midlands. she surrounded herself with the heirs of those killed at St Albans
- court was hostile to york and Nevilles
- 1456 Henry VI joined Anjou at Kenilworth so now she controlled the government
- made favourable marriages to increase mobile support eg Margaret Beaufort and Henry Stafford
- act of attainder - Anjou essentially backed york into a corner forcing them to resort to violence
55
act of accord 5
- on October 24th 1460 the act of accord was passed - york was to become king after Henry vi - then passed to Yorks son
- this disinherited anjous son which angered her
- after Anjou mainly controlled the Lancastrian forces
- after town 1461 Margaret and Henry both fled to Scotland. Yorkists won conforming Edward of york as king of England
56
Richard duke of york background 3
- yorks descent form Edward III made him heir presumptive to Henry vi
- he was the richest nobleman which gave him lots of power
- in 1460 he claimed the throne through his descent from Lionel Duke of Clarence mother and Edward Duke of york father suggested it gave him a stronger claim to the throne than Henry vi
57
Richard neville earl of Warwick 6
- known as kingmaker because of his support was vital to the success of Edward IV
- he was very wealthy even more after the death of his father which he inherited his fathers land
- captain of calais given to him by Henry vi access to calais army
- warwick began by supporting Yorkists
- warwick rebelled in 1469-71 reinstating Henry vi as king
- died in the Lancastrian defeat in the battle of barnet 1471
58
Richard Neville 5
- long career serving Henry including fighting in france
- he inherited vast lands in the north from his father ralph earl of Westmoreland
- supported Henry vi in 1452 but a feud with the Percy family caused him and his son earl of warwick to support york in the Battle of St Albans 1455
- killed following Yorkist defeat in the battle of Wakefield 1460
- earl of salisbury
59
Henry Percy 3rd earl of northumberland 4
- his father Henry Percy 2nd earl of northumberland was killed at the battle of St Albans 1455
- swore to avenge his father and support Lancastrians
- fought for the lancastrians at Wakefield 1460 2nd battle of St Albans 1461
- he was killed whilst fighting town 1461
60
Humphrey Stafford 1st duke of Buckingham 3
extremely wealthy
in the 1450s he tried to act as a peacemaker whilst maintaining his allegiance to the crown
killed in the lancastrian defeat at Northampton 1460
61
prince Edward of Lancaster / Wales 3
- son Henry vi and Margaret of Anjou
- he married Anne neville daughter of warwick in 1470 to cement the alliance between warwick and Margaret on Anjou
- died at the battle of tewkesbury 1471
62
cardinal John kemp 4
- kings chancellor when Henry vi was incapacitated in 1453
- his death leaded to Yorks protectorate in 1454
- he negotiated the retreat of cades rebels in 1450
- mediated between duke of york and the monarch in 1452
63
John mowbray 3rd duke of Norfolk 3
- he supported york in early 1450s largely due to enmity to the dukes of suffolk and somerset
- avoided strong commitment until the late 1460 where he joined the Yorkist cause
- in the battle of towton 1461 when he arrived late in the day with his troops who may have won the battle for Edward iv
64
Henry Percy 2nd earl of northumberland 2
- family feud with the neville lords salisbury and warwick in the 1450s was instrumental in forcing them to support Henry vi instead of york
- he was killed fighting for Henry vi at the battle of St Albans in 1455. he was succeeded by his son
65
why did Edward of york win the crown in 1461
| -warwicks support 8
- powerfule supporter of Edward
- he had a prominent role since 1455
- lots of power and wealth
- control of calais gave him refuge and shipping to mount an invasion
- raids on foreign ships in the English Channel won him great popularity in the south east
- used piracy to provide leadership
- warwicks support gives credibility to Edwards claim to the throne
- warwick convicted of treason
66
why did Edward of york win the crown in 1461
| London support for Edward 4
- rumours about Margarets troops looting worried London
- London didn't like Margaret so she moved to the midlands and moved the royal court there too
- loss of trade in London because of this
- London merchants believed that the Lancastrians favoured foreign merchants over English ones
67
why did Edward of york win the crown in 1461
Richard of Yorks persistent opposition
3
- intially only wanted to replace somerset as advisor and to be recognised as heir presumptive
- this persistant determination alarmed Anjou who wanted to destroy him
- 1459 act of attainder no alternative for york but to position himself as an alternative king and depose Henry vi
68
why did Edward of york win the crown in 1461
| Edwards qualities and skills 4
- he wasn't like his father Richard duke of york so people were able to trust him
- Edward was 18 and a capable soldier - looked more like a king than Henry vi
- based on mortimer cross he felt he had god on his side
- a complete contrast to henry vi
69
why did Edward of york win the crown in 1461
| Henry vi 2
- inability to provide leadership leading to rivalry between Richard duke of york and somerset noble feuds
- Margaret filling the gap left by Henry making poor decisions eg act of attainder
70
why did Edward of york win the crown in 1461
| gods verdict 3
- yorkists were confident at mortimer cross 1461 as they saw 3 suns which was a sign of gods favour
- act of accord agreed york would inherit the throne after Henrys death Edward said Lancastrians had broken the accord when they attacked york at Wakefield so they had forfeited the crown
- at town 1461 god declared them as oath breakers
71
battle of blore heath 1459 4
- fearing treason charges the Yorkist nobles fathered at Yorks castle in ludlow
- salisbury intercepted but made it to blore heath
- warwick arrived with soldiers from calais but they left as didn't want to be accused of treason leaving the Yorkists helpless
- york fled to ireland
72
parliament of devils 3
- in november 1459 in coventry Yorkist leaders were attained / act of attainder
- 27 Yorkists were condemned as traitors and land and titles taken away condemned of treason
- disinherited their heirs too extreme
73
consequences of Margarets act of attainder 2
- yorkists now had nothing to lose
| - some natural nobles 4-5 now supported the yorkist cause feeling Margarets actions were too extreme
74
Thomas Courtebay 6th earl of Devon 3
- a Lancastrian soldier
- son of Thomas Courtenay 5th earl of Devon
- he was executed after the battle of towton in 1461 and his titles were forfeited
75
lord saye 4
- supported of William de la pole duke of suffolk
- after the impeachment and murder of suffolk saye was imprisoned and beheaded by cades rebels
- threatened to turn Kent into a wasteland
- one of cades named bad advisors
76
James butler earl of Wiltshire 4
- one of Henry vi royal councillors from 1453
- he fought for the Lancastrian cause but escaped in disguise in the battle of St Albans 1455
- took refuge abroad in 1460 and also escaped from Lancastrians defeats in mortimer cross 1461 and towton 1461
- later captured and executed
77
Henry Beaufort 3rd duke of somerset 5
- his father Edmund Beaufort 2nd duke of somerset was killed in the battle of St Albans by Richard duke of york
- Henry Beaufort swore revenge for his father
- one of the nobles who Margaret of Anjou surrounded herself with at Kenilworth
- in 1462 he made peace with Edward iv but defected to Lancastrians in 1463
- executed after Lancastrian defeat in the battle of exam 1464
78
sir William bonville - lord bonville 6
- feuds with the Courtenay family caused local unrest in the south west
- the king did not intervene
- the conflict was one of the main reasons of Yorks 2nd protectorate
- courtenays actions killing bonvilles lawyer Nicholas radford
- he was loyal to Henry vi until the battle of Northampton 1460 where he switched to the Yorkist side
- he was executed after 2nd battle of St Albans
79
Margaret beaufort 5
- favourable marriage between margaret beaufort and Henry Stafford to persuade nobles who had supported yorkists to support Lancastrians
- it was through her great grandfather John of gaunt that her son Henry Tudor had a claim to the throne - 2nd marriage to Edward Tudor
- then married thomas lord Stanley who's family actions won the battle of Bosworth for her son who who became Henry vi
- instrumental in the crowning of her son by plotting Richard iii and helping to finance Henrys cause
- loyal Lancastrian supporter
80
st albans 2 1461 2
- by the time Edward had arrived Margaret had won the battle on 17th February
- decided not to attack London and her and her army marched north leaving London open to Edward
81
towton 1461 4
- 29th march 1461 yorkists won at towton confirming Edward of york as king Edward iv
- many Lancastrians were killed
- the late arrival of Norfolk and his troops may have helped win
- lancastrains had a disadvantage as their archers were shooting uphill into the wind and snow couldn't see where they were shooting
82
consequences of St Albans
| Margaret of Anjou 3
- given the death of somerset and ill health of Henry vi she found herself leader of Lancastrians
- desperate to keep her sons positions
- enemies with Richard duke of york he wanted to exclude her son as heir -set up court in coventry hostile to york
83
consequences of St Albans
| development of vendettas 3
- all those at St Albans that were killed were Lancastrians
- york and neville enemies
- Henry beaufort 3rd duke of somerset swore to avenge his father
84
consequences of St Albans
| Richard duke of york 2
-warwick made captain of calais
-ceremonial crown wearing york placed crown on henrys head
loyalty or control
85
loved 1858
the lovely was a demonstration of reconciliation between Lancastrians and yorkists
it involved members of rival sides walking arm in arm through London to st Pauls cathedral
queen Margaret and Richard duke of york walked hand in hand
86
reasons for Yorks 2nd protectorate
| the kings health 3
- in autumn 1455 the king suffered a relapse
- the situation in the south west could not be allowed to be left
- somerset had been killed there was no alternative
87
reasons for Yorks 2nd protectorate
| lack of alternative to york 2
- somerset was dead
| - Henry holland duke of Exeter was condemned a traitor by york
88
Wakefield 1460 3
- york was in Wakefield 30th December 1460 he and his army were caught open by Lancastrians
- york and his son were killed as was salisbury
- lancastrain win
89
mortimer cross 1461 3
- a Lancastrian force tried to block Edward earl of march from leading an army towards London February 1461
- three suns shining - gods support
- Owen Tudor executed tudors son and earl of Wiltshire escape
90
northampton 1460 5
- 10th July 1460 yorkists reached Northampton led by warwick and march
- attempted to negotiate with lancastains but Buckingham rejected their request
- lord grey Ruthin a Lancastrian secretly defected to Yorkist side
- buckingham Shrewsbury egremont and Beaumont died guarding the kings tent
- Henry vi captured Anjou and son escaped to Wales
91
how important were the actions of Margaret of Anjou 10
- after St Albans was convinced that york was a danger to her sons future
- the second protectorate ended in February 1456
- wariwck was made captain of calais
- king kept york and Nevilles close
- in April 1456 the queen and prince Edward left London and went to the midlands
- once at Kenilworth she began to build up her own power base finding allies who were enemies of york and the Nevilles
- a household was set up for prince Edward containing men she could trust such as Wiltshire and beaumont
- joined by duke of Exeter and the earl of Devon who made enemies of york
- joined by heirs of those killed at St Albans
- king also moved to Kenilworth so now Anjou controlled the government
92
Yorks second protectorate
| victory at St Albans 1
his aim was to rid Henry vi of evil advisors when the duke of somerset was killed
however it failed to provide him with power and position he craved on its own
93
Yorks second protectorate
| the promise of reform 2
- reduced royal household expenditure to please tax payers. the queen had expenditure limited to 10,000 marks a year
- york had officially declared duke Humphrey of Gloucester to have lived and died a true subject increased personal popularity
94
Yorks second protectorate
| problems in the south west 5
- demise of somerset didn't unite nobility
- contributed to york protectorate 19th November 1455
- courtenays attacked bonvilles men and murdered his lawyer Nicholas Bradford -his body was damaged so badly that no inquest could be held
- courtenays actions were highly illegal and the king took no action
- york had been made protector to deal with the problem
95
problems in Wales 4
-tudor captured Carmarthen castle from york Devereux reclaimed with Tudor inside
Tudor died shortly after
between Edmund Tudor and two Yorkist William Herbert and Walter Devereux
1456 hostilities broke out
96
how did the Yorkist fund an army for towton 1461
Edward iv was able to fund his campaign with the help of the city of London
July 1460 London had lent the yorkists over £4,500
they gave a further £4,000 for the battle
97
how did the yorkists recruit men for towton 1461 3
- able to gather recruits from Kent and east anglia
- 6th march 1461 Edward issued a proclamation where any supporters of Lancastrians would receive a pardon if they submitted to Edward within 10 days if their income was less than 100 marks a year
- only 8 or 9 noblemen on compared to 20 with Margaret of anjou
98
towton 1461 battle 6
- the weather and sharp thinking go Edward iv played an important role
- it was snowing and windy. Edward for the archers to fire a round then step back so Lancastrian arrows fell short
- made Lancastrians leave an advantage point on top of the hill
- duke of Norfolk late arrival caused Lancastrians to flee
- Henry vi and Anjou fled to Scotland-nobles such as earls of northumberland Devon and Wiltshire will either killed or executed after the battle
