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A-level Wars of the Roses > Henry VII > Flashcards

Henry VII Flashcards

1
Q

why was there so much unrest at the beginning of his reign

A

although he won at Bosworth he only won by usurping the throne from Richard
weak claim to the throne, being largely through Margaret Beaufort who was a descendant of Edward III by the marriage of John of Guant and Catherine Swynford
however these children were though to be illegitimate

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2
Q

how did Henry tried and gain security

A

asked for papal dispensation to marry Elizabeth of York uniting Lancaster and Yorkists
stated the beginning of his reign was the day before Bosworth so anyone who though against him could be considered a traitor
Henry arranged the day of his coronation for the 30th October, before parliament so it couldn’t be claimed he was only king because parliament allowed it
the marriage took place in January 1486 after Henry was crowned so it couldn’t be claimed his claim to the throne was through her

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3
Q

who were the Yorkist challengers to the throne

A

Margaret of burgundy support for Simnel and Warbeck

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4
Q

how did Henry deal with earl of Surrey

A

Richards supporters e.g. the Earl of Surrey was kept in prison till 1489

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5
Q

how did Henry deal with the earl of northumberland

A

released at the end of 1485 and restored to his old position

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6
Q

how successful was Henry in dealing with Yorkist opposition

A

not still secure
still other Yorkists claiming ts Simnel
e.g Edmund de la pole

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7
Q

what trouble did Henry face in Wales at the start of his reign

A

a rebellion led by Herberts and Vaughton

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8
Q

who put down the rebellion in Wales

A

Rhys Ap Thomas

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9
Q

what was the impact of the rebellion in Wales

A

didnt prevent royal progress

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10
Q

what trouble did Henry face in the north at the start of his reign

A

a rebellion by Lord Lovell and Stafford brothers rebellion

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11
Q

why did the rebellion in the north fail

A

as Henry heard of the plot and sent an armed force
he gave them the choice of reconciliation and peace or excommunication or death
Lovell escaped to flandrtd

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12
Q

when did the Yorkihire rebellion occur

A

1489

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13
Q

why did the Yorkshire rebellion happen

A

wanted to raise money to aid Brittany in its struggle against france
Yorkshire was annoyed about this tax as they didnt understand why and they experienced bad harvests in 1488

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14
Q

what happened when Yorkshire refused the tax

A

Henry refused to negotiate

when the earl of northumberland tried to collect taxes he was murdered

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15
Q

who was the Yorkshire rebellion led by

A

sir Egremont

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16
Q

how did the Yorkshire rebellion end

A

the rebellion was defeated but the money was never collected
Henry appointed earl of Surrey as representative in the north who had no vested interest

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17
Q

when was the Cornish rebellion

A

1497

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18
Q

why did the Cornish rebellion occur

A

Henry needed money due to threats from scotland as James IV supporting Perkin Warbeck
Cornwall had little fear over scotland so didnt want to pay taxes

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19
Q

did the rebellion have any noble support

A

Lord Audley

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20
Q

what did the rebels do

A

assembled near Bodmin in May 1497, it attracts 15,000 supporters however these numbers decline as headed to London

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21
Q

how did Henry deal with the Cornish rebellion

A

Henry assembled a royal army of 25,000 men which crushed rebels is at Blackhearth June 1497

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22
Q

who was Simnel

A

claimed to be the earl of Warwick
28 year old priest Symonds notices a resemblance in Yorkist stronghold Oxford
simnel was taken to Ireland where lord lieutenant earl of Kildare proclaimed simnel as king Edward VI

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23
Q

who supported simnel

A

Margaret of Burgundy
who sent money and 2,000 men commanded by Schwarz accompanied by Lovell and Lincoln
crowned king in Ireland 1487

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24
Q

what action did Henry take against simnel

A

offers long standing rebels pardons - Broughton refused

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25
Q

how did Henry resolve simnel rebellion

A

symonds imprisoned for life

simnel made turn spit in the royal kitchen

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26
Q

how long did the warbeck rebellion last

A

continued for 8 years

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27
Q

what problem did Henry face in the warbeck rebellion

A

he couldn’t parade Richard duke of york around as he was dead - one of the princes in the tower

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28
Q

who was warbeck presented to be

A

after he arrived in Ireland 1491 he was paraded through the streets dressed in silk
claimed to be Edward IV 2nd son Richard Duke of York

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29
Q

who was believed to help warbeck

A

Charles VIII and Margaret of Burgundy to stop Henry blocking Charles plan to annexe Brittany

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30
Q

did warbeck gain support in Ireland

A

not much

but he was welcomed into French courts where 100 Yorkists joined him

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31
Q

how did Henry limit French support to warbeck

A

1492 treaty of staples forced warbeck to flee to Flanders as it stated france couldn’t not support pretenders

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32
Q

how did Henry limit support from Burgundy to warbeck

A

broke off the lucrative trade of cloth 1493

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33
Q

how much support from the holy roman empire did warbeck get

A

HRE Maxilimillian recognised him was Richard Duke of York 1494 but couldn’t financially support him

34
Q

how did Henry find out about the warbeck conspiracy

A

through his spy network most likely Sir Robert Clifford

35
Q

what did henrys spy network discover

A

William Stanley who was lord chamberlain was heard saying he was not take up arms against warbeck if he could prove he was Richard duke of york

36
Q

where did warbeck go after france

A

to scotland

37
Q

how much support did warbeck get from france

A

James IV promised cousin Lady Gordon in marriage

warbeck attempted to invade England from Scotland but was unsuccessful

38
Q

how did Henry limit support from scotland

A

offered his eldest daughter in marriage to James IV

1497 truce of Dayton was a 7 year truce

39
Q

what happened when warbeck attempted to land in Kent

A

it was a failure due to henrys spy network
1495
so he fled to Ireland

40
Q

what happened when warbeck tried to return to Ireland

A

laid siege to Irish town Waterford for 11 days with not success

41
Q

what happened when warbeck tried to invade Devon

A

driven out by exeter and tauton

so warbeck fled to sanctuary in Beaulieu Abbey in Hampshire 1497 he was persuaded to confess

42
Q

what happened when warbeck was caught

A

he tried to flee from court 1498 but was recaptured and imprisoned
he was executed after allegedly conspiring with Warwick in prison

43
Q

what other rebellions did Henry face

A

Edmund de la pole who was the nearest Yorkist claimant

44
Q

why did Edmund de la pole rebel

A

Henry refuse to elevate him to a duke which he believed was his birth right 1499

45
Q

what did Edmund de la pole do

A

1501 he fled to Maximillian court with his brother Richard de la pole

46
Q

how did Henry react to Edmund de la poles rebellion

A

Henry imprisoned his remaining relations and in 1504 attended 51 men
1506 Phillip of Burgundy face a stormed which meant he had to seek refuse in england where Henry persuaded him to give up Edmund de la pole

47
Q

why where relations with the nobility a problem for Henry initially

A

he was a superior

however a positive was that he didnt have many male relatives so didnt have much patronage to award

48
Q

what problems did Henry face

A

1500 Edmund died
1502 Arthur died
1503 wife died

49
Q

how large was the nobility

A

limited number of new earls
one created 3 new earls lord Stanley earl of derby, bath and Devon
only created 1 viscount 8 barons

50
Q

evidence of the effectiveness of patronage in nobility

A

the order of the garter, prestige but no power - 37 recieved this
e.g. rhys ap thomas and Edmund dudley
prevented overnight nobles

51
Q

evidence of the failures of patronage in nobility

A

introduction of lawyers such as Edmund Dudley annoyed other nobles
lack of patronage annoyed nobility

52
Q

evidence of the effectiveness of the kings great council In nobility

A

summons to great council were 5 meetings
5 key councillors e.g. reginal bray
1496 to grant £10,000 for war in scotland

53
Q

evidence of the effectiveness of bonds and recognisances in nobility

A

Thomas grey was never trusted 1499 transferred his land +£1000 and find others to pay £10000 for him

54
Q

evidence of the failures of bonds and recognisances in nobility

A

possibly too severe

32/82 were given bonds or recognisances

55
Q

evidence of the effectiveness of acts of attainder

A

passed 9 attainders and 5 reversed
increased in numbers throughout the reign
1486 = 28
1504-9 = 51
Surrey attainded after fighting for Richard in Bosworth = it was reversed and he was put in charge of the north

56
Q

evidence of the effectiveness of retaining in nobility

A

1485-1504 acts
1485 made lords and chamberlains swear to not illegally return
1504 issued proclamations nobles needed to license a return
1506 lord Burgundy fined £70,550

57
Q

evidence of the failures of retaining in nobility

A

nobles may have kept it secretive

58
Q

evidence of the effectiveness of retaining in nobility

A

crown had estimated 5x more at the end of his reign
almost all Warwick lands were retained
1486 act of resumption recovered all crown land given away since wars of roses

59
Q

evidence of the failures of retaining in nobility

A

angered the nobility

60
Q

evidence of the effectiveness of fuedal dues in nobility

A

marriages for profits e.g. Katherine Woodville £20k fine
relief - payment to king when land was inherited
livery- payment to recover land from wardship
wardship - king took control of the estates of minors
increase in proceeds £350 in 1487 to £6000 in 1507

61
Q

what was the kings council

A

over 200 councillors but meetings were of smaller groups of 5 including people such as lord privy seal

62
Q

evidence of successes of the great kings council

A

didnt rely on particular families but professions such as reginald bray
more frequent practices of small groups- e.g council learned in law

63
Q

evidence of failures of the great kings council

A

hated by many due to links with bonds and recognisances

Dudley claimed he acted illegally 80x

64
Q

evidence of success of local government

A

tried to limit the influence of magistrates by the system of bonds imposed on nobles and JPs
the offices of the Justice of the Peace
JPs were appointed annually with second rank landowner

65
Q

evidence of failures of local government

A

JPs often reluctant to act as it made them unpopular

so relied on goodwill

66
Q

evidence of the failures in Ireland to establish a regional court

A

sir Edward pyonings failed to bring Ulster under control
Pyonings law 1494 stipulated Irish parliaments could only pass laws agreed prior by the king but other attempts had limited success
forced to rely on families such as earl of Kildare restored as lord deputy

67
Q

evidence of success in Wales to establish a regional court

A

small victorys in increasing control

revived the welsh council in 1493 under his son arthur

68
Q

evidence of success in the north to establish a regional court

A

council of north
earl of northumberland was in control till death where earl of Surrey took over
carefully monitored by the council in London
members were appointed by Henry himself

69
Q

how did Henry use parliament

A

10% of statutes to do with JPs
only met 5-7 times shows limited role
used it for acts of attainder and uphold the law

70
Q

what did Henry change the financial system from to

A

the exchequer system to the chamber system

71
Q

why did Henry change the system

A

in his 1st year the exchequer system only received £11,700 compared to £25,000 under Richard III

72
Q

why was the chamber system more effective

A

faster
king had direct control over revenues
receivers to officials used to get max profit

73
Q

what was the purpose of the financial system

A

to collect revenue from crown lands collecting taxes and customs

74
Q

evidence of effectiveness of crown lands in increasing revenue

A

max income from existing lands using 1486 act of resumption - £30,000

75
Q

failures of custom duties in increasing revenue

A

£70,000 p.a. under Edward IV reign

compared to £40,000 under Henry due to smuggling problems

76
Q

evidence of the effectiveness of justice control in increasing revenue

A

varied year to year

e.g. earl of northumberland fined £10,000 for raping a royal ward

77
Q

evidence of the effectiveness of feudal duties in increasing revenues

A

wardship marriage livery etc
1487 - £350 p.a.
1507 - £6000 p.a.

78
Q

evidence of the effectiveness of clerical tax in increasing revenues

A

1489 church raised £25,000 towards French expenditure
when the bishop died the post would stay open receiving £6,000 p.a.
sold church offices of £300

79
Q

evidence of the effectiveness of loans in increasing revenues

A

benevolences loans without repayment

in 1491 Henry received £48,500 to take army to France

80
Q

evidence of the effectiveness of parliamentary tax in increasing revenues

A

only in exceptional circumstances e.g. 14877 Battle of Stoke 1489 French War etc

81
Q

evidence of the effectiveness of the treaty of staples in increasing revenues

A

£59,000 given to England

annual amounts of £5000

A-level Wars of the Roses (12 decks)

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