Henry VII Flashcards
why was there so much unrest at the beginning of his reign
although he won at Bosworth he only won by usurping the throne from Richard
weak claim to the throne, being largely through Margaret Beaufort who was a descendant of Edward III by the marriage of John of Guant and Catherine Swynford
however these children were though to be illegitimate
how did Henry tried and gain security
asked for papal dispensation to marry Elizabeth of York uniting Lancaster and Yorkists
stated the beginning of his reign was the day before Bosworth so anyone who though against him could be considered a traitor
Henry arranged the day of his coronation for the 30th October, before parliament so it couldn’t be claimed he was only king because parliament allowed it
the marriage took place in January 1486 after Henry was crowned so it couldn’t be claimed his claim to the throne was through her
who were the Yorkist challengers to the throne
Margaret of burgundy support for Simnel and Warbeck
how did Henry deal with earl of Surrey
Richards supporters e.g. the Earl of Surrey was kept in prison till 1489
how did Henry deal with the earl of northumberland
released at the end of 1485 and restored to his old position
how successful was Henry in dealing with Yorkist opposition
not still secure
still other Yorkists claiming ts Simnel
e.g Edmund de la pole
what trouble did Henry face in Wales at the start of his reign
a rebellion led by Herberts and Vaughton
who put down the rebellion in Wales
Rhys Ap Thomas
what was the impact of the rebellion in Wales
didnt prevent royal progress
what trouble did Henry face in the north at the start of his reign
a rebellion by Lord Lovell and Stafford brothers rebellion
why did the rebellion in the north fail
as Henry heard of the plot and sent an armed force
he gave them the choice of reconciliation and peace or excommunication or death
Lovell escaped to flandrtd
when did the Yorkihire rebellion occur
1489
why did the Yorkshire rebellion happen
wanted to raise money to aid Brittany in its struggle against france
Yorkshire was annoyed about this tax as they didnt understand why and they experienced bad harvests in 1488
what happened when Yorkshire refused the tax
Henry refused to negotiate
when the earl of northumberland tried to collect taxes he was murdered
who was the Yorkshire rebellion led by
sir Egremont
how did the Yorkshire rebellion end
the rebellion was defeated but the money was never collected
Henry appointed earl of Surrey as representative in the north who had no vested interest
when was the Cornish rebellion
1497
why did the Cornish rebellion occur
Henry needed money due to threats from scotland as James IV supporting Perkin Warbeck
Cornwall had little fear over scotland so didnt want to pay taxes
did the rebellion have any noble support
Lord Audley
what did the rebels do
assembled near Bodmin in May 1497, it attracts 15,000 supporters however these numbers decline as headed to London
how did Henry deal with the Cornish rebellion
Henry assembled a royal army of 25,000 men which crushed rebels is at Blackhearth June 1497
who was Simnel
claimed to be the earl of Warwick
28 year old priest Symonds notices a resemblance in Yorkist stronghold Oxford
simnel was taken to Ireland where lord lieutenant earl of Kildare proclaimed simnel as king Edward VI
who supported simnel
Margaret of Burgundy
who sent money and 2,000 men commanded by Schwarz accompanied by Lovell and Lincoln
crowned king in Ireland 1487
what action did Henry take against simnel
offers long standing rebels pardons - Broughton refused
how did Henry resolve simnel rebellion
symonds imprisoned for life
simnel made turn spit in the royal kitchen
how long did the warbeck rebellion last
continued for 8 years
what problem did Henry face in the warbeck rebellion
he couldn’t parade Richard duke of york around as he was dead - one of the princes in the tower
who was warbeck presented to be
after he arrived in Ireland 1491 he was paraded through the streets dressed in silk
claimed to be Edward IV 2nd son Richard Duke of York
who was believed to help warbeck
Charles VIII and Margaret of Burgundy to stop Henry blocking Charles plan to annexe Brittany
did warbeck gain support in Ireland
not much
but he was welcomed into French courts where 100 Yorkists joined him
how did Henry limit French support to warbeck
1492 treaty of staples forced warbeck to flee to Flanders as it stated france couldn’t not support pretenders
how did Henry limit support from Burgundy to warbeck
broke off the lucrative trade of cloth 1493
how much support from the holy roman empire did warbeck get
HRE Maxilimillian recognised him was Richard Duke of York 1494 but couldn’t financially support him
how did Henry find out about the warbeck conspiracy
through his spy network most likely Sir Robert Clifford
what did henrys spy network discover
William Stanley who was lord chamberlain was heard saying he was not take up arms against warbeck if he could prove he was Richard duke of york
where did warbeck go after france
to scotland
how much support did warbeck get from france
James IV promised cousin Lady Gordon in marriage
warbeck attempted to invade England from Scotland but was unsuccessful
how did Henry limit support from scotland
offered his eldest daughter in marriage to James IV
1497 truce of Dayton was a 7 year truce
what happened when warbeck attempted to land in Kent
it was a failure due to henrys spy network
1495
so he fled to Ireland
what happened when warbeck tried to return to Ireland
laid siege to Irish town Waterford for 11 days with not success
what happened when warbeck tried to invade Devon
driven out by exeter and tauton
so warbeck fled to sanctuary in Beaulieu Abbey in Hampshire 1497 he was persuaded to confess
what happened when warbeck was caught
he tried to flee from court 1498 but was recaptured and imprisoned
he was executed after allegedly conspiring with Warwick in prison
what other rebellions did Henry face
Edmund de la pole who was the nearest Yorkist claimant
why did Edmund de la pole rebel
Henry refuse to elevate him to a duke which he believed was his birth right 1499
what did Edmund de la pole do
1501 he fled to Maximillian court with his brother Richard de la pole
how did Henry react to Edmund de la poles rebellion
Henry imprisoned his remaining relations and in 1504 attended 51 men
1506 Phillip of Burgundy face a stormed which meant he had to seek refuse in england where Henry persuaded him to give up Edmund de la pole
why where relations with the nobility a problem for Henry initially
he was a superior
however a positive was that he didnt have many male relatives so didnt have much patronage to award
what problems did Henry face
1500 Edmund died
1502 Arthur died
1503 wife died
how large was the nobility
limited number of new earls
one created 3 new earls lord Stanley earl of derby, bath and Devon
only created 1 viscount 8 barons
evidence of the effectiveness of patronage in nobility
the order of the garter, prestige but no power - 37 recieved this
e.g. rhys ap thomas and Edmund dudley
prevented overnight nobles
evidence of the failures of patronage in nobility
introduction of lawyers such as Edmund Dudley annoyed other nobles
lack of patronage annoyed nobility
evidence of the effectiveness of the kings great council In nobility
summons to great council were 5 meetings
5 key councillors e.g. reginal bray
1496 to grant £10,000 for war in scotland
evidence of the effectiveness of bonds and recognisances in nobility
Thomas grey was never trusted 1499 transferred his land +£1000 and find others to pay £10000 for him
evidence of the failures of bonds and recognisances in nobility
possibly too severe
32/82 were given bonds or recognisances
evidence of the effectiveness of acts of attainder
passed 9 attainders and 5 reversed
increased in numbers throughout the reign
1486 = 28
1504-9 = 51
Surrey attainded after fighting for Richard in Bosworth = it was reversed and he was put in charge of the north
evidence of the effectiveness of retaining in nobility
1485-1504 acts
1485 made lords and chamberlains swear to not illegally return
1504 issued proclamations nobles needed to license a return
1506 lord Burgundy fined £70,550
evidence of the failures of retaining in nobility
nobles may have kept it secretive
evidence of the effectiveness of retaining in nobility
crown had estimated 5x more at the end of his reign
almost all Warwick lands were retained
1486 act of resumption recovered all crown land given away since wars of roses
evidence of the failures of retaining in nobility
angered the nobility
evidence of the effectiveness of fuedal dues in nobility
marriages for profits e.g. Katherine Woodville £20k fine
relief - payment to king when land was inherited
livery- payment to recover land from wardship
wardship - king took control of the estates of minors
increase in proceeds £350 in 1487 to £6000 in 1507
what was the kings council
over 200 councillors but meetings were of smaller groups of 5 including people such as lord privy seal
evidence of successes of the great kings council
didnt rely on particular families but professions such as reginald bray
more frequent practices of small groups- e.g council learned in law
evidence of failures of the great kings council
hated by many due to links with bonds and recognisances
Dudley claimed he acted illegally 80x
evidence of success of local government
tried to limit the influence of magistrates by the system of bonds imposed on nobles and JPs
the offices of the Justice of the Peace
JPs were appointed annually with second rank landowner
evidence of failures of local government
JPs often reluctant to act as it made them unpopular
so relied on goodwill
evidence of the failures in Ireland to establish a regional court
sir Edward pyonings failed to bring Ulster under control
Pyonings law 1494 stipulated Irish parliaments could only pass laws agreed prior by the king but other attempts had limited success
forced to rely on families such as earl of Kildare restored as lord deputy
evidence of success in Wales to establish a regional court
small victorys in increasing control
revived the welsh council in 1493 under his son arthur
evidence of success in the north to establish a regional court
council of north
earl of northumberland was in control till death where earl of Surrey took over
carefully monitored by the council in London
members were appointed by Henry himself
how did Henry use parliament
10% of statutes to do with JPs
only met 5-7 times shows limited role
used it for acts of attainder and uphold the law
what did Henry change the financial system from to
the exchequer system to the chamber system
why did Henry change the system
in his 1st year the exchequer system only received £11,700 compared to £25,000 under Richard III
why was the chamber system more effective
faster
king had direct control over revenues
receivers to officials used to get max profit
what was the purpose of the financial system
to collect revenue from crown lands collecting taxes and customs
evidence of effectiveness of crown lands in increasing revenue
max income from existing lands using 1486 act of resumption - £30,000
failures of custom duties in increasing revenue
£70,000 p.a. under Edward IV reign
compared to £40,000 under Henry due to smuggling problems
evidence of the effectiveness of justice control in increasing revenue
varied year to year
e.g. earl of northumberland fined £10,000 for raping a royal ward
evidence of the effectiveness of feudal duties in increasing revenues
wardship marriage livery etc
1487 - £350 p.a.
1507 - £6000 p.a.
evidence of the effectiveness of clerical tax in increasing revenues
1489 church raised £25,000 towards French expenditure
when the bishop died the post would stay open receiving £6,000 p.a.
sold church offices of £300
evidence of the effectiveness of loans in increasing revenues
benevolences loans without repayment
in 1491 Henry received £48,500 to take army to France
evidence of the effectiveness of parliamentary tax in increasing revenues
only in exceptional circumstances e.g. 14877 Battle of Stoke 1489 French War etc
evidence of the effectiveness of the treaty of staples in increasing revenues
£59,000 given to England
annual amounts of £5000
