Henry VII Flashcards
Was Henry the first to use Spies?
No
What formed a communication network between monarch and people?
Social structure itself - nobles communicate advice to the king - king uses nobles as a mouthpiece
How was Henry informed about the Cornish rebellion?
1497 - scouts and spies
Who else helped with Henry’s spy network?
Scotland and France
What else did Henry do?
Place ambassadors from abroad in royal courts - kept homeland closely informed
Where was used as a base for espionage?
Calais
Where did Henry have particular concern about?
Low Countries
Who was the main supporter of all Yorkist plots?
Margaret of Burgundy
What did he try to do with her court?
Infiltrate it with spies to obtain info in the 1490s
Who was likely a spy?
Sir Richard Clifford
Who was used as a double agent?
Stanley?
Who was the System successful against?
Perkin Warbeck and Warwick
What was routinely used by the English?
Ciphers
What were bonds?
Financial pressure place on the nobility to gain information and secure loyalty
How did Henry control the nobles?
Through fear
Who were bonds imposed on?
People whose loyalty was questionable or were liable to quarrel
How much of the peerage had to pay money?
More than half
What was the consequence of payments not always being called in?
Continual threat of being forced to sacrifice a large amount of money if they offended the king
How much was Lord Abergavenny fined in 1507?
£70,000
What was the agreement with Abergavenny when he couldn’t pay?
Payment of £5000 over a year for the next 10 years
What was the nature of the marriage to Elizabeth?
Strategic - fulfilment of the pact made during his exile - united Lancastrians and Yorkists
What was the Beaufort symbol?
Portcullis
When was he officially engaged to Elizabeth?
10th December 1485
What did they have to get to be married?
Papal dispensation to marry
How did they get around the fact that Elizabeth was basically illegitimate?
Parliament ordered the destruction of the Act in Jan 1485
When were Elizabeth and Henry Married?
18th Jan
How many kids did Elizabeth and Henry have?
5 who survived infancy
What was the embodiment of the Tudor rose?
Arthur - their first son
Who was in charge of Henry’s finances?
Henry
Who was in charge of the bond system and stuff like that?
Edmund Dudley
How many people did Henry attaint?
138 - 28 nobles after Stoke
When was Henry’s first statute against retaining?
1487 - cleared up the ambiguity of “lawful retaining”
When was Henry’s second statute against retaining?
1504 - introduced a form of licensing - men could employ retainers for the king’s service alone
Who was indicted for illegal retaining?
Buckingham, Derby, Essex, Oxford, Shrewsbury
Who protected the king in 1496?
Northumberland
How many earls did Henry create?
One - Ed made 9
How many barons did he make?
5 - Ed made 13
How did number of peers drop?
57 to 44
What lead to Stanley’s execution in 1495?
Clifford’s info
Who were also spied on?
Northumberland and Stafford
How many bonds were collected within his first decade?
191
How much did bonds earn a year in 1493?
£3,000
What had this increase to by 1505?
£35,000
What were recognisances?
Formal acknowledgements of debts/obligations that already existed
How much did Beaumont owe?
£10,000
What did Henry gain a bad reputation for?
Avarice
What lead to the Yorkshire rebellion?
Announcement of a parliamentary tax of a “tenth” to fund defence of Brittany against the French
How did the government try to convince people to pay their taxes?
Henry Percy - Northumberland - gave a speech at Topcliffe
What happened to Northumberland?
He was lynched
Why was hostility increased?
North paid less tax for defence because they were more directly engaged with defence with Scotland
When did Henry break this custom?
1489
Why did the north not like the Tudor regime?
Where Richard III had most of his following
Why did the Northumberland retinue fail to defend Percy?
Northumberland’s retinue had previously had Richard III as their good lord - loyalty to Richard
Where was Northumberland in charge of?
Scottish Marches
What was Henry worried that the Yorkist rebellion would become
A wider pro-Yorkist rebellion
What happened to the rebels?
Began to be fearful about the consequences of such a high status murder
Who went to subdue to rebels?
Surrey and Henry
What happened to the ringleaders?
Hanged in York
Who escaped?
Egremont - went to Flanders
What did Henry do?
Careful not to demand taxation against custom in the North
What was the implication of this decision?
Limited his military ambitions and provides a reason for his more limited ambitions in the arena of foreign war.
When was the Yorkist Tax rebellion?
1489
When was the Cornish Rebellion?
1497
Why was there tensions with Scotland?
James IV support for Warbeck
What caused the Cornish rebellion?
High taxation to fund military campaigns in Scotland - seemed irrelevant to the Cornish
Who lead the Cornish rebellion?
Michael Joseph the Blacksmith and Thomas Flamank
Who joins the cause?
Audley
How many members of the gentry joined the rebellion?
24
Why would Audley still be loyal to the Yorkists?
Father close friends with Ed
What did he think would lead to influence?
Promoting Warbeck
Where did the insurrection spread?
The South West
Who did the rebels call upon to be their leader?
Warbeck
Where did they march via?
Salisbury, Winchester, Farnham and Guildford
What happened on the 17th June?
Henry fights insurgents and defeats them at Blackheath
Where did they struggle to gain support?
Bristol
What happened to the ringleaders?
Executed
What did Henry order?
Investigations to discover thousands of lesser me who took part in the rebellion
What did Warbeck do?
Sailed from Ireland and landed in Cornwall
How many men landed in Exeter?
8,000
What happened within two weeks?
Warbeck and rebels defeated by royal troops
Where does Warbeck flee to?
Sanctuary
What does Henry secure?
Truce with Scotland
What is Henry’s response to the rebellion?
Cancels the next round of taxation
Why does Warbeck leave sanctuary?
On the agreement that his life is sparred and he confesses to being a pretender
How was Henry similar to Ed and Richard?
Small core group of councillors
Who did Henry reward?
Earl of Oxford, Jasper Tudor
Who else did Henry rely on?
Sir Reginald Bray, Richard Empson, Dudley and Sir Edward Poynings
How much was Lord Dacre forced to pay?
£2,000 in 1506
What did Thomas Grey have to do?
Find friends willing to sign bonds totalling £10,000 in return for good behaviour
What did Henry do with the localities?
Reduce the power of individuals - Henry Percy in the north
Who got the Lord Lieutenancy after Percy died?
Earl of Surrey
What happened after 1493?
Council of Wales was revived with Prince Arthur at its head
How many times did Henry summon parliament?
7 times in 24 years - 5 in the first decade of his reign
How many parliaments did not pass amendments?
1
When did he asked for taxation?
1487, 1489 and 1496
What did Henry continue?
Role of Chamber as centre of royal finance
How much did the attainder of William Stanley earn the crown?
£9,000 in 1495
What was the annual income of crown lands in 1485?
£29,000
What was the annual income of crown lands in 1509?
£42,000
What did Henry’s annual income grow to per year?
£100,000 - Ed’s was £60 - 65,000
Where did a third of Henry’s income come from?
Custom duties
When was he accused of raising money for wars which never happened?
1496
What did he do in 1491?
Forced a loan to fund his French expedition and again in 1496 during the Warbeck crisis
What did the Treaty of Etaples do?
Gave him a pension of £5,000 per annum
When was Henry’s first rebellion?
1486
Who lead the first rebellion?
Viscount Lovell - a close associate and supported of Richard
What happened to Lovell?
Attainted at Henry’s first parliament and fled from the Tudor regime with Humphrey Stafford
What did the men do?
Conspired to raise a rebellion against Henry - insurrection in the West Midlands and Yorkshire
What was the result of the rebellion?
Little appetite for further fighting - major landowners failed to rally to Lovell’s cause
When did Henry arrive in York?
20 April
What did the rebels do?
Flee
Where did Lovell go?
Burgundy to be with Margaret
What happened to the young wariwck?
Put in the tower
What happened in Feb 1487?
Lambert Simnel appears in Ireland and claimed to be Warwick
Who influenced Simnel?
Simonds a priest - confessed to organising the pretence
What was the support for Simnel lie?
Opportunistic
Who supported him?
Thomas Fitzgerald, Gerald Fitzgerald and Walter Fitzsimons
What did Henry do in response to Simnel?
Parade the real Warwick in the streets
What limited this display?
John de la Pole said that Simnel was real
Where did Lincoln go?
Antwerp to be with Margaret
What did Margaret do?
Gave her support to the Simnel conspiracy - gave financial assistance
How many mercenaries did Margaret send Lambert?
2,000
What happened when Simnel landed in Ireland?
Crowned in Dublin, parliament held and coins were minted
When did the supporters invade England?
4 June
How many Irish infantry was there?
4000
Who supported the rebels in England?
Two Yorkshire Magnates and some Londoners
When was the Battle of Stoke?
16 June 1487
Who was killed?
Lincoln
What happened to Simnel?
Captured and made a spit turner
Who did Perkin Warbeck pretend to be?
Richard of York
Who supported Warbeck?
Charles VIII
Why did Charles support Warbeck?
Wanted to distract Henry from defending Brittany
What happened in November 1492?
Truce with France
Where was Warbeck forced to flee?
Margaret
What did Margaret?
Said he was her nephew
What did Henry do?
Suspend trade with Netherlands - led to unemployment and ruits
What did Warbeck manage to do?
Gain further international status by gaining public support drom Maximillian - King of the Romans
When did he have confirmation?
1494-1495 from Clifford about a ploy against the king
Who was a traitor?
Stanley - white rose collar and money
When did Warbeck lead a rebellion in Ireland?
1495 summer
What did James IV do?
Let Warbeck marry his cousin, Catherine Gordon
What happened 21st September?
Warbeck invades England, Warbeck withdraws quickly
What did Henry do in response?
Declared war on James
When was the Magnus Intercursus and what was it?
1496 - obliged Margaret to bring her political manoeuvring to an end
