Edward IV + Richard III Flashcards
1
Q
Who was Clarence?
A
Ed’s brother
2
Q
When was Clarence Born?
A
1449 in Dublin
3
Q
Who was Ed dependent upon in his early reign?
A
Warwick
4
Q
What did Warwick do?
A
Helped defend the northern border against the Scots.
5
Q
What did Ed reward Warwick with?
A
Land, favours and status
6
Q
What did Warwick engage with?
A
Diplomatic missions on behalf of the king
7
Q
How was Warwick depicted by some foreign commentators?
A
As an “overmighty subject”
8
Q
When did tensions begin to grow between Warwick and Edward?
A
1464
9
Q
What did Ed and Warwick argue about?
A
His marriage
10
Q
Who had Warwick arranged for Ed to marry?
A
Bona of Savoy
11
Q
Why was this marriage important?
A
Domestic security - France an ally to Scotland - Margaret, Henry VI and Ed were there
12
Q
Who did Ed marry instead?
A
Elizabeth Woodville under a tree
13
Q
Why was she unfit to be a queen?
A
English (no foreign advantage)
Gentry
Widow with two kids
Dead husband = Lancastrian
Large fam
14
Q
What did Ed do about his marriage?
A
Kept it secret until September 1464
15
Q
What did this disagreement mark?
A
A turning point in their relationship - Warwick pro-Anglo-French - Ed pro Burgundy
16
Q
What did Elizabeth do?
A
block profitable marriages by other members of the nobility
17
Q
What did Elizabeth encourage the King to do?
A
Oppose a marriage between Warwick’s eldest daughter, Isabel Neville, and Clarence
18
Q
When did Warwick begin shifting his allegiance towards the Lancastrian cause?
A
1467
19
Q
Where did Warwick base himself in 1467?
A
Yorkshire
20
Q
What was Ed planning at the time of the feud?
A
An invasion of France
21
Q
How did Louis XI respond?
A
Encouraging as much civil strife in England as possible.
22
Q
Why was there dissatisfaction amongst the nobility?
A
Edward was generous to his family in law
23
Q
When did Warwick take his revenge against Edward?
A
1469
24
Q
How did Warwick take his revenge?
A
Sailed to Calais and arranged the marriage between Isabel and Clarence
25
When did the Clarence marriage occur?
11 July 1469
26
What did Warwick and Clarence do?
Published criticisms of Ed's government
27
Who was particularly attacked in the criticisms?
Richard Woodville
28
What Battle occurred on 26 July 1469?
Battle of Edgecote
29
What happened at the Battle of Edgecote?
The king was captured an imprisoned
30
What had Warwick wished to do?
Depose Edward
31
Why didn't Warwick depose Ed?
Extent of disorder was so great that the earl was forced to release the king
32
Where did Warwick flee to?
The court of Louis XI
33
What did Louis do?
Reconcile Margaret and Warwick
34
How was the pact sealed?
Anne Neville married Prince Ed
35
What happened in Autumn 1470?
Earl invaded England, forcing Ed to flee and Henry VI was reinstated
36
When did Ed reinvade?
March 1471 at Humber
37
Who supported Ed's reinvasion?
Burgundian troops
38
What did Clarence do?
Betray Warwick and return to his brother's side
39
What happened on the 11 April?
Ed reunited Yorkists and seized Henry VI
40
What happened on the 14th April?
Forced the Lancastrian king to face Warwick at Battle of Barnet
41
What happened at the Battle of Barnet?
Warwick killed, Henry imprisoned and Ed made king
42
When was Yorkist success confirmed?
4 May
43
What battle killed Prince Ed?
Battle of Tewkesbury
44
What happened to Margaret?
Captured
45
What happened to Henry VI?
Died two weeks later in the tower
46
Who was Ed able to reconcile?
Sir Richard Tunstall - no longer needed to be loyal to Henry
47
Who remained loyal to Lancastrian cause?
Jasper, Henry and John de Vere
48
What did de Vere attempt?
Invasion in 1473 - was a failure
49
Where did Ed concentrate wealth and power?
Family members
50
Who were the two main beneficiaries?
Gloucester and Clarence - his brothers
51
What land did Gloucester gain?
North - given leadership of the Council of the North
52
Where was the Council of the North based?
York
53
What was the Council of the North in charge of?
Maintaining law and order and defence in the region - Scots
54
What was Clarence given?
Restored of all his properties and given Warwicks southern estates and lands confiscated from the Courtenays
55
What did Ed require Clarence do?
Give up his northern properties to appease the Percies.
56
What did Ed give Clarence to calm him down?
The Earldom of Richmond - formerly Henry Tudor's - had been Gloucester;s
57
What happened to Anne Neville following Tewkesbury?
Brought to Clarence's household
58
When did Richard and Anne marry?
1472
59
What was Clarence made after the marriage?
Earl of Warwick and Salisbury
60
What was Clarence given?
Estates in Essex, Midlands - house in London and mane Great Chamberlain of England
61
What happened in 1474-75?
The two sisters were given half of Warwick's inheritance and other claimants were disinherited.
62
What did the marriage give Gloucester?
More power and wealth in the North - gained a powerbase
63
What happened in 1476?
Isabel and her newborn died
64
How did Clarence react to the death of his wife?
Tried to marry Mary - daughter of Charles of Burgundy
65
Why did Ed deny the match?
Dukes of Burgundy were extremely wealthy and powerful and had a claim to the throne
66
What did Clarence do after this denial?
Claimed that Ed was illegitimate
67
Who else did Clarence try to marry?
Sister of the King of Scotland - also denied
68
What did Clarence do?
Rarely attended court and didn't consume food or drink - fear of being poisoned
69
What did Clarence's actions do?
Encouraged rumours that he feared the Woodvilles were plotting against him
70
What happened to Clarence's behaviour?
Became parranoid
71
What happened in April 1477?
Seized Isabel's former servant, Ankarette Twynho and brought her to Warwick
72
What did he accuse the servant of?
Poisoning the duchess and terrorised the jury to pass a guilty verdict
73
What happened to the servant?
Hanged on the 15th April
74
What did the act show?
Clarence was an over-mighty subject
75
What did Ed do in response to his brother's actions?
Seeking evidence of his brother's treachery
76
What happened to Dr John Stacey?
Arrested on the grounds that he had used magic with ill intent
77
What did Stacey admit to?
Predicting the early deaths of the king and his eldest son
78
What happened to Burdett and Stacey?
Convicted of inciting rebellion and hanged in May
79
What did Clarence do in response to the hangings?
Interrupted a coucnil meeting and ensured the Burdett and Stacey final delcarations of innocence were read
80
What did Ed do?
Returned from Windsor and personally charged the duke and imprisoned him
81
When was Clarence tried?
January 1478
82
Who spoke in defence of the Duke?
No one
83
Who passed the death sentence of Clarence?
Buckingham
84
How was Clarence killed?
Drowned in a vat of wine
85
How did some view Ed after the death of Clarence?
As a tyrannt
86
When did Ed become ill?
Easter 1483
87
When did Ed die?
9 April at Westminster
88
How long was he ill for?
10 days
89
What did Ed add to his will?
Codicils
90
What did he leave out?
Clear succession plans - should Ed jnr. be crowned immediately or should they wait with advisors
91
How old was Ed jnr.?
12
92
What was the fear?
Woodvilles would influence Ed
93
Where and who had Ed jnr. lived?
Ludlow with Anthony Qoodville
94
When did Gloucester declare himself Protector?
4 May - no opposition
95
What happened at Stony Stratford?
Gloucester intercepted the young king and Anthony was Arrested as well as Grey and Vaughan
96
Where did Elizabeth go?
Westminster with young Richard to seek sanctuary
97
What was Richard not able to do?
Secure the execution of a number of leading members of the queen's family
98
Where was the young king held?
Tower of London
99
What happened during May and June 1483?
Ed's coronation delayed
100
When did the royal council meet to discuss celebrations?
9 June
101
What did Richard requested?
Armed reinforcements against the queen and supporters
102
Who was arrested during a council meeting?
Lord Stanley, Bishop of Ely and Archbishop of York
103
What happened on 13 June?
Lord Hastings was executed
104
What did Elizabeth agree to do?
Release Richard from sanctuary to attend the coronation
105
What did she require?
Assurance of both the Archbishop of Canterbury and Bishop of Lincoln
106
When was the coronation delayed until again?
9th November
107
Who had given public statements supporting Richard's claim to the throne?
Dr Ralph Shaw and Buckingham
108
What was claimed about the boys?
They were illegitimate - Ed was already precontracted to another woman
109
What happened on 25th June?
Anthony, Grey and Vaughan were executed at Pontefract in the presence of Richard's army
110
What did Gloucester do on the 26th?
Declare himself as king
111
When was Richard crowned?
6th July
112
When was the claims of illegitimacy confirmed?
Richard's first parliament
113
What weakened the support for Richard?
The fact he definitely killed kids
114
What was the most influential interpretation of Richard?
Shakespeare's Richard III
115
When were both the princes in the tower?
16th June 1483
116
What happened in July 1483?
Richard heard of a plot to free the boys from the Tower
117
What is the only source written at the time of the usurpation
Dominic Mancini - Italian diplomat
118
Who else is suggested to have been the murderer?
Henry Stafford - Duke of Buckingham
119
How did Buckingham have a claim to the throne?
Through his connection with the Beauforts
120
Who was Buckingham married to?
Katherine Woodville - hated her
121
What happened on the 10th May 1483?
Richard granted Buckingham control of Wales and the Marches
122
What did Buckingham have the right to do?
Raise troops in Shropshire, Herefordshire, Somerset, Wiltshire and Dorset
123
Where did Buckingham gain control after Hastings' death?
North Midlands
124
What did Buckingham do on 24th June 1483?
Gave a speech at Guildhall promoting Richard's claim
125
Who was Polydore Vergil?
Italian priest living in England - wrote for
126
Who was Polydore Vergil?
Italian priest living in England - wrote for Henry Tudor
127
Who was accused of being ordered to murder the boys?
Robert Brakenbury
128
Who was accused of actually murdering the boys?
James Tyrell
129
Who was allegedly appointed to kill the boys?
Miles Forest and John Dighton
130
When was Richard Crowned?
6th July
131
What happened with government personelle?
Lots of continuity for the first two months
132
When was Buckingham's rebellion?
October 1483
133
What was the aim of Buckingham's rebellion?
Install Henry Tudor as King
134
Who did Margaret plot with?
Elizabeth Woodville
135
Who was the betrothal between?
Henry and Elizabeth of York
136
Where did the rebellions break out?
South of England - Richard had less influence and strength than in the North
137
What did Buckingham do?
Declare support for Henry Tudor
138
What was the connection between Buckingham and Tudor?
Cousins
139
When was Henry declared king by the rebels?
3 November
140
Why was his attempt thwarted?
Weather - couldn't land in England
141
What did Richard do to stop Henry's invasion?
Placed soldiers along the Devon and Dorset coast
142
What did Ed oblige the clergy to do?
Pay a subsidy in response to the call for a crusade to be launched
143
How much money did Richard have to pay out of his own pocket?
£800
144
Who was Henry Tudor?
Only child of Margaret Beaufort and Edmund Tudor
145
What was Henry Tudor's title?
Earl of Richmond
146
Who was Henry's grandmother?
Catherine of Valois
147
When was Pembroke Castle seized?
1461 by Herbert
148
Who became Henry's feudal lord?
Edward IV in 1462
149
What happened to the guardianship of Henry?
Sold to Herbert for £1000
150
Who was given ownership of Richmond lands?
Gloucester
151
What happens in 1471?
Henry becomes the Lancastrian claimant to the throne
152
Who sends Henry to France?
Jasper Tudor
153
How long does Henry spend in exile?
14 years
154
Who was Henry's host in France?
Francis II
155
What was Henry referred to as?
"The Imp"
156
What did Francis do?
Used Henry as a pawn
157
What was his justification of using Henry as a pawn?
If French and English forces united, Brittany would not survive
158
What happened in 1475?
Louis XI and England develop better relations
159
Where does Henry land in 1485?
Milford Haven in Wales
160
Who supports Henry?
Jasper and de Vere
161
What kinds of people fight for Henry?
Not many professionals - tenant farmers, boosted by mercenaries - fought for money rather than loyalty.
162
What happened in 1484?
Negotiations with Pierre Landais to handover Henry
163
Where does Henry escape to after discovering the plot to send him home?
Brittany
164
Who was anxious to assist Henry?
Charles VII - heavily influenced by regents, sister and her husband
165
Why did Charles VII assist Henry?
Wanted to cause Richard as much trouble as possible - money and ships and supplies
166
How many troops did Henry have?
2,000-4,000
167
Who else helped Henry?
400 English exiles who opposed Richard
168
How many troops did Henry have by the time he reached Bosworth?
5,000
169
How many troops did Richard have?
12,000
170
Who did France support?
Tudor
171
What gripe did France have with Richard?
He had an aggressive policy of naval attacks on Brittany, Scotland and France in 1483-1484
172
What did Richard do to diminish the impact of Scotland and France?
Negotiated a truce with Scots in Nottingham in September - 3 year truce
173
What does Richard do to stick his foot in it?
Renews his claim to the French throne
174
What weakened Richard's preparation attempts?
Inaccurate spy reports - said Henry would be arriving from the South
175
When was the Battle of Bosworth?
22nd August 1485
176
What was used that was significant?
Gunpowder and firearms
177
Who commanded Henry's vanguard?
Oxford
178
What did Northumberland do?
Came to support Richard but didn't engage his troops
179
What was Tudor more likely to do for Northumberland?
Give him more power in the North
180
How many of Richard's men were under Stanley Command?
4,000 out of the 12,000
181
What was Stanley's relation to Henry?
Step dad
182
What was Stanley's position?
Constable of England
183
What was Richard's attitude towards Stanley?
Suspicious
184
What was the rumour that Richard had done?
Held Stanley's son hostage to ensure good behaviour
185
Who supports Henry?
William Stanley
186
How long was the battle?
Two hours
187
When did Margaret flee abroad?
Summer 1463
188
What did Edward negotiate with Louis XI?
Truce that forbade French from engaging in Lancastrian plots
189
Who plotted against Ed?
De Vere and Aubrey - killed
190
When was the Battle of Hedgeley Moor?
25 April 1464
191
When did Ed marry Elizabeth?
1 May 1464
192
When was the battle of Hexham?
15th May 1464
193
When was Ed's marriage revealed?
September 1464
194
What were the Robin of Redesdale rebellions?
Underground activities trying to undermine Ed
195
Who controlled the South West?
Lord Dynham and Thomas Grey
196
Who ran east Anglia?
Norfolk, Suffolk and Howard
197
Who ran Lancashire and Cheshire?
Lord Stanley
198
Who was the biggest landlord in the Marches?
Ed
