Edward IV + Richard III Flashcards
Who was Clarence?
Ed’s brother
When was Clarence Born?
1449 in Dublin
Who was Ed dependent upon in his early reign?
Warwick
What did Warwick do?
Helped defend the northern border against the Scots.
What did Ed reward Warwick with?
Land, favours and status
What did Warwick engage with?
Diplomatic missions on behalf of the king
How was Warwick depicted by some foreign commentators?
As an “overmighty subject”
When did tensions begin to grow between Warwick and Edward?
1464
What did Ed and Warwick argue about?
His marriage
Who had Warwick arranged for Ed to marry?
Bona of Savoy
Why was this marriage important?
Domestic security - France an ally to Scotland - Margaret, Henry VI and Ed were there
Who did Ed marry instead?
Elizabeth Woodville under a tree
Why was she unfit to be a queen?
English (no foreign advantage)
Gentry
Widow with two kids
Dead husband = Lancastrian
Large fam
What did Ed do about his marriage?
Kept it secret until September 1464
What did this disagreement mark?
A turning point in their relationship - Warwick pro-Anglo-French - Ed pro Burgundy
What did Elizabeth do?
block profitable marriages by other members of the nobility
What did Elizabeth encourage the King to do?
Oppose a marriage between Warwick’s eldest daughter, Isabel Neville, and Clarence
When did Warwick begin shifting his allegiance towards the Lancastrian cause?
1467
Where did Warwick base himself in 1467?
Yorkshire
What was Ed planning at the time of the feud?
An invasion of France
How did Louis XI respond?
Encouraging as much civil strife in England as possible.
Why was there dissatisfaction amongst the nobility?
Edward was generous to his family in law
When did Warwick take his revenge against Edward?
1469
How did Warwick take his revenge?
Sailed to Calais and arranged the marriage between Isabel and Clarence
When did the Clarence marriage occur?
11 July 1469
What did Warwick and Clarence do?
Published criticisms of Ed’s government
Who was particularly attacked in the criticisms?
Richard Woodville
What Battle occurred on 26 July 1469?
Battle of Edgecote
What happened at the Battle of Edgecote?
The king was captured an imprisoned
What had Warwick wished to do?
Depose Edward
Why didn’t Warwick depose Ed?
Extent of disorder was so great that the earl was forced to release the king
Where did Warwick flee to?
The court of Louis XI
What did Louis do?
Reconcile Margaret and Warwick
How was the pact sealed?
Anne Neville married Prince Ed
What happened in Autumn 1470?
Earl invaded England, forcing Ed to flee and Henry VI was reinstated
When did Ed reinvade?
March 1471 at Humber
Who supported Ed’s reinvasion?
Burgundian troops
What did Clarence do?
Betray Warwick and return to his brother’s side
What happened on the 11 April?
Ed reunited Yorkists and seized Henry VI
What happened on the 14th April?
Forced the Lancastrian king to face Warwick at Battle of Barnet
What happened at the Battle of Barnet?
Warwick killed, Henry imprisoned and Ed made king
When was Yorkist success confirmed?
4 May
What battle killed Prince Ed?
Battle of Tewkesbury
What happened to Margaret?
Captured
What happened to Henry VI?
Died two weeks later in the tower
Who was Ed able to reconcile?
Sir Richard Tunstall - no longer needed to be loyal to Henry
Who remained loyal to Lancastrian cause?
Jasper, Henry and John de Vere
What did de Vere attempt?
Invasion in 1473 - was a failure
Where did Ed concentrate wealth and power?
Family members
Who were the two main beneficiaries?
Gloucester and Clarence - his brothers
What land did Gloucester gain?
North - given leadership of the Council of the North
Where was the Council of the North based?
York
What was the Council of the North in charge of?
Maintaining law and order and defence in the region - Scots
What was Clarence given?
Restored of all his properties and given Warwicks southern estates and lands confiscated from the Courtenays
What did Ed require Clarence do?
Give up his northern properties to appease the Percies.
What did Ed give Clarence to calm him down?
The Earldom of Richmond - formerly Henry Tudor’s - had been Gloucester;s
What happened to Anne Neville following Tewkesbury?
Brought to Clarence’s household
When did Richard and Anne marry?
1472
What was Clarence made after the marriage?
Earl of Warwick and Salisbury
What was Clarence given?
Estates in Essex, Midlands - house in London and mane Great Chamberlain of England
What happened in 1474-75?
The two sisters were given half of Warwick’s inheritance and other claimants were disinherited.
What did the marriage give Gloucester?
More power and wealth in the North - gained a powerbase
What happened in 1476?
Isabel and her newborn died
How did Clarence react to the death of his wife?
Tried to marry Mary - daughter of Charles of Burgundy
Why did Ed deny the match?
Dukes of Burgundy were extremely wealthy and powerful and had a claim to the throne
What did Clarence do after this denial?
Claimed that Ed was illegitimate
Who else did Clarence try to marry?
Sister of the King of Scotland - also denied
What did Clarence do?
Rarely attended court and didn’t consume food or drink - fear of being poisoned
What did Clarence’s actions do?
Encouraged rumours that he feared the Woodvilles were plotting against him
What happened to Clarence’s behaviour?
Became parranoid
What happened in April 1477?
Seized Isabel’s former servant, Ankarette Twynho and brought her to Warwick
What did he accuse the servant of?
Poisoning the duchess and terrorised the jury to pass a guilty verdict
What happened to the servant?
Hanged on the 15th April
What did the act show?
Clarence was an over-mighty subject
What did Ed do in response to his brother’s actions?
Seeking evidence of his brother’s treachery
What happened to Dr John Stacey?
Arrested on the grounds that he had used magic with ill intent
What did Stacey admit to?
Predicting the early deaths of the king and his eldest son
What happened to Burdett and Stacey?
Convicted of inciting rebellion and hanged in May
What did Clarence do in response to the hangings?
Interrupted a coucnil meeting and ensured the Burdett and Stacey final delcarations of innocence were read
What did Ed do?
Returned from Windsor and personally charged the duke and imprisoned him
When was Clarence tried?
January 1478
Who spoke in defence of the Duke?
No one
Who passed the death sentence of Clarence?
Buckingham
How was Clarence killed?
Drowned in a vat of wine
How did some view Ed after the death of Clarence?
As a tyrannt
When did Ed become ill?
Easter 1483
When did Ed die?
9 April at Westminster
How long was he ill for?
10 days
What did Ed add to his will?
Codicils
What did he leave out?
Clear succession plans - should Ed jnr. be crowned immediately or should they wait with advisors
How old was Ed jnr.?
12
What was the fear?
Woodvilles would influence Ed
Where and who had Ed jnr. lived?
Ludlow with Anthony Qoodville
When did Gloucester declare himself Protector?
4 May - no opposition
What happened at Stony Stratford?
Gloucester intercepted the young king and Anthony was Arrested as well as Grey and Vaughan
Where did Elizabeth go?
Westminster with young Richard to seek sanctuary
What was Richard not able to do?
Secure the execution of a number of leading members of the queen’s family
Where was the young king held?
Tower of London
What happened during May and June 1483?
Ed’s coronation delayed
When did the royal council meet to discuss celebrations?
9 June
What did Richard requested?
Armed reinforcements against the queen and supporters
Who was arrested during a council meeting?
Lord Stanley, Bishop of Ely and Archbishop of York
What happened on 13 June?
Lord Hastings was executed
What did Elizabeth agree to do?
Release Richard from sanctuary to attend the coronation
What did she require?
Assurance of both the Archbishop of Canterbury and Bishop of Lincoln
When was the coronation delayed until again?
9th November
Who had given public statements supporting Richard’s claim to the throne?
Dr Ralph Shaw and Buckingham
What was claimed about the boys?
They were illegitimate - Ed was already precontracted to another woman
What happened on 25th June?
Anthony, Grey and Vaughan were executed at Pontefract in the presence of Richard’s army
What did Gloucester do on the 26th?
Declare himself as king
When was Richard crowned?
6th July
When was the claims of illegitimacy confirmed?
Richard’s first parliament
What weakened the support for Richard?
The fact he definitely killed kids
What was the most influential interpretation of Richard?
Shakespeare’s Richard III
When were both the princes in the tower?
16th June 1483
What happened in July 1483?
Richard heard of a plot to free the boys from the Tower
What is the only source written at the time of the usurpation
Dominic Mancini - Italian diplomat
Who else is suggested to have been the murderer?
Henry Stafford - Duke of Buckingham
How did Buckingham have a claim to the throne?
Through his connection with the Beauforts
Who was Buckingham married to?
Katherine Woodville - hated her
What happened on the 10th May 1483?
Richard granted Buckingham control of Wales and the Marches
What did Buckingham have the right to do?
Raise troops in Shropshire, Herefordshire, Somerset, Wiltshire and Dorset
Where did Buckingham gain control after Hastings’ death?
North Midlands
What did Buckingham do on 24th June 1483?
Gave a speech at Guildhall promoting Richard’s claim
Who was Polydore Vergil?
Italian priest living in England - wrote for
Who was Polydore Vergil?
Italian priest living in England - wrote for Henry Tudor
Who was accused of being ordered to murder the boys?
Robert Brakenbury
Who was accused of actually murdering the boys?
James Tyrell
Who was allegedly appointed to kill the boys?
Miles Forest and John Dighton
When was Richard Crowned?
6th July
What happened with government personelle?
Lots of continuity for the first two months
When was Buckingham’s rebellion?
October 1483
What was the aim of Buckingham’s rebellion?
Install Henry Tudor as King
Who did Margaret plot with?
Elizabeth Woodville
Who was the betrothal between?
Henry and Elizabeth of York
Where did the rebellions break out?
South of England - Richard had less influence and strength than in the North
What did Buckingham do?
Declare support for Henry Tudor
What was the connection between Buckingham and Tudor?
Cousins
When was Henry declared king by the rebels?
3 November
Why was his attempt thwarted?
Weather - couldn’t land in England
What did Richard do to stop Henry’s invasion?
Placed soldiers along the Devon and Dorset coast
What did Ed oblige the clergy to do?
Pay a subsidy in response to the call for a crusade to be launched
How much money did Richard have to pay out of his own pocket?
£800
Who was Henry Tudor?
Only child of Margaret Beaufort and Edmund Tudor
What was Henry Tudor’s title?
Earl of Richmond
Who was Henry’s grandmother?
Catherine of Valois
When was Pembroke Castle seized?
1461 by Herbert
Who became Henry’s feudal lord?
Edward IV in 1462
What happened to the guardianship of Henry?
Sold to Herbert for £1000
Who was given ownership of Richmond lands?
Gloucester
What happens in 1471?
Henry becomes the Lancastrian claimant to the throne
Who sends Henry to France?
Jasper Tudor
How long does Henry spend in exile?
14 years
Who was Henry’s host in France?
Francis II
What was Henry referred to as?
“The Imp”
What did Francis do?
Used Henry as a pawn
What was his justification of using Henry as a pawn?
If French and English forces united, Brittany would not survive
What happened in 1475?
Louis XI and England develop better relations
Where does Henry land in 1485?
Milford Haven in Wales
Who supports Henry?
Jasper and de Vere
What kinds of people fight for Henry?
Not many professionals - tenant farmers, boosted by mercenaries - fought for money rather than loyalty.
What happened in 1484?
Negotiations with Pierre Landais to handover Henry
Where does Henry escape to after discovering the plot to send him home?
Brittany
Who was anxious to assist Henry?
Charles VII - heavily influenced by regents, sister and her husband
Why did Charles VII assist Henry?
Wanted to cause Richard as much trouble as possible - money and ships and supplies
How many troops did Henry have?
2,000-4,000
Who else helped Henry?
400 English exiles who opposed Richard
How many troops did Henry have by the time he reached Bosworth?
5,000
How many troops did Richard have?
12,000
Who did France support?
Tudor
What gripe did France have with Richard?
He had an aggressive policy of naval attacks on Brittany, Scotland and France in 1483-1484
What did Richard do to diminish the impact of Scotland and France?
Negotiated a truce with Scots in Nottingham in September - 3 year truce
What does Richard do to stick his foot in it?
Renews his claim to the French throne
What weakened Richard’s preparation attempts?
Inaccurate spy reports - said Henry would be arriving from the South
When was the Battle of Bosworth?
22nd August 1485
What was used that was significant?
Gunpowder and firearms
Who commanded Henry’s vanguard?
Oxford
What did Northumberland do?
Came to support Richard but didn’t engage his troops
What was Tudor more likely to do for Northumberland?
Give him more power in the North
How many of Richard’s men were under Stanley Command?
4,000 out of the 12,000
What was Stanley’s relation to Henry?
Step dad
What was Stanley’s position?
Constable of England
What was Richard’s attitude towards Stanley?
Suspicious
What was the rumour that Richard had done?
Held Stanley’s son hostage to ensure good behaviour
Who supports Henry?
William Stanley
How long was the battle?
Two hours
When did Margaret flee abroad?
Summer 1463
What did Edward negotiate with Louis XI?
Truce that forbade French from engaging in Lancastrian plots
Who plotted against Ed?
De Vere and Aubrey - killed
When was the Battle of Hedgeley Moor?
25 April 1464
When did Ed marry Elizabeth?
1 May 1464
When was the battle of Hexham?
15th May 1464
When was Ed’s marriage revealed?
September 1464
What were the Robin of Redesdale rebellions?
Underground activities trying to undermine Ed
Who controlled the South West?
Lord Dynham and Thomas Grey
Who ran east Anglia?
Norfolk, Suffolk and Howard
Who ran Lancashire and Cheshire?
Lord Stanley
Who was the biggest landlord in the Marches?
Ed
