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Edexcel History: Lancastrians, Yorkists and Henry VII > Edward IV + Richard III > Flashcards

Edward IV + Richard III Flashcards

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1
Q

Who was Clarence?

A

Ed’s brother

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2
Q

When was Clarence Born?

A

1449 in Dublin

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3
Q

Who was Ed dependent upon in his early reign?

A

Warwick

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4
Q

What did Warwick do?

A

Helped defend the northern border against the Scots.

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5
Q

What did Ed reward Warwick with?

A

Land, favours and status

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6
Q

What did Warwick engage with?

A

Diplomatic missions on behalf of the king

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7
Q

How was Warwick depicted by some foreign commentators?

A

As an “overmighty subject”

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8
Q

When did tensions begin to grow between Warwick and Edward?

A

1464

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9
Q

What did Ed and Warwick argue about?

A

His marriage

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10
Q

Who had Warwick arranged for Ed to marry?

A

Bona of Savoy

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11
Q

Why was this marriage important?

A

Domestic security - France an ally to Scotland - Margaret, Henry VI and Ed were there

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12
Q

Who did Ed marry instead?

A

Elizabeth Woodville under a tree

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13
Q

Why was she unfit to be a queen?

A

English (no foreign advantage)
Gentry
Widow with two kids
Dead husband = Lancastrian
Large fam

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14
Q

What did Ed do about his marriage?

A

Kept it secret until September 1464

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15
Q

What did this disagreement mark?

A

A turning point in their relationship - Warwick pro-Anglo-French - Ed pro Burgundy

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16
Q

What did Elizabeth do?

A

block profitable marriages by other members of the nobility

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17
Q

What did Elizabeth encourage the King to do?

A

Oppose a marriage between Warwick’s eldest daughter, Isabel Neville, and Clarence

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18
Q

When did Warwick begin shifting his allegiance towards the Lancastrian cause?

A

1467

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19
Q

Where did Warwick base himself in 1467?

A

Yorkshire

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20
Q

What was Ed planning at the time of the feud?

A

An invasion of France

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21
Q

How did Louis XI respond?

A

Encouraging as much civil strife in England as possible.

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22
Q

Why was there dissatisfaction amongst the nobility?

A

Edward was generous to his family in law

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23
Q

When did Warwick take his revenge against Edward?

A

1469

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24
Q

How did Warwick take his revenge?

A

Sailed to Calais and arranged the marriage between Isabel and Clarence

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25
Q

When did the Clarence marriage occur?

A

11 July 1469

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26
Q

What did Warwick and Clarence do?

A

Published criticisms of Ed’s government

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27
Q

Who was particularly attacked in the criticisms?

A

Richard Woodville

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28
Q

What Battle occurred on 26 July 1469?

A

Battle of Edgecote

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29
Q

What happened at the Battle of Edgecote?

A

The king was captured an imprisoned

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30
Q

What had Warwick wished to do?

A

Depose Edward

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31
Q

Why didn’t Warwick depose Ed?

A

Extent of disorder was so great that the earl was forced to release the king

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32
Q

Where did Warwick flee to?

A

The court of Louis XI

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33
Q

What did Louis do?

A

Reconcile Margaret and Warwick

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34
Q

How was the pact sealed?

A

Anne Neville married Prince Ed

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35
Q

What happened in Autumn 1470?

A

Earl invaded England, forcing Ed to flee and Henry VI was reinstated

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36
Q

When did Ed reinvade?

A

March 1471 at Humber

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37
Q

Who supported Ed’s reinvasion?

A

Burgundian troops

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38
Q

What did Clarence do?

A

Betray Warwick and return to his brother’s side

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39
Q

What happened on the 11 April?

A

Ed reunited Yorkists and seized Henry VI

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40
Q

What happened on the 14th April?

A

Forced the Lancastrian king to face Warwick at Battle of Barnet

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41
Q

What happened at the Battle of Barnet?

A

Warwick killed, Henry imprisoned and Ed made king

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42
Q

When was Yorkist success confirmed?

A

4 May

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43
Q

What battle killed Prince Ed?

A

Battle of Tewkesbury

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44
Q

What happened to Margaret?

A

Captured

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45
Q

What happened to Henry VI?

A

Died two weeks later in the tower

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46
Q

Who was Ed able to reconcile?

A

Sir Richard Tunstall - no longer needed to be loyal to Henry

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47
Q

Who remained loyal to Lancastrian cause?

A

Jasper, Henry and John de Vere

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48
Q

What did de Vere attempt?

A

Invasion in 1473 - was a failure

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49
Q

Where did Ed concentrate wealth and power?

A

Family members

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50
Q

Who were the two main beneficiaries?

A

Gloucester and Clarence - his brothers

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51
Q

What land did Gloucester gain?

A

North - given leadership of the Council of the North

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52
Q

Where was the Council of the North based?

A

York

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53
Q

What was the Council of the North in charge of?

A

Maintaining law and order and defence in the region - Scots

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54
Q

What was Clarence given?

A

Restored of all his properties and given Warwicks southern estates and lands confiscated from the Courtenays

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55
Q

What did Ed require Clarence do?

A

Give up his northern properties to appease the Percies.

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56
Q

What did Ed give Clarence to calm him down?

A

The Earldom of Richmond - formerly Henry Tudor’s - had been Gloucester;s

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57
Q

What happened to Anne Neville following Tewkesbury?

A

Brought to Clarence’s household

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58
Q

When did Richard and Anne marry?

A

1472

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59
Q

What was Clarence made after the marriage?

A

Earl of Warwick and Salisbury

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60
Q

What was Clarence given?

A

Estates in Essex, Midlands - house in London and mane Great Chamberlain of England

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61
Q

What happened in 1474-75?

A

The two sisters were given half of Warwick’s inheritance and other claimants were disinherited.

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62
Q

What did the marriage give Gloucester?

A

More power and wealth in the North - gained a powerbase

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63
Q

What happened in 1476?

A

Isabel and her newborn died

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64
Q

How did Clarence react to the death of his wife?

A

Tried to marry Mary - daughter of Charles of Burgundy

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65
Q

Why did Ed deny the match?

A

Dukes of Burgundy were extremely wealthy and powerful and had a claim to the throne

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66
Q

What did Clarence do after this denial?

A

Claimed that Ed was illegitimate

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67
Q

Who else did Clarence try to marry?

A

Sister of the King of Scotland - also denied

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68
Q

What did Clarence do?

A

Rarely attended court and didn’t consume food or drink - fear of being poisoned

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69
Q

What did Clarence’s actions do?

A

Encouraged rumours that he feared the Woodvilles were plotting against him

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70
Q

What happened to Clarence’s behaviour?

A

Became parranoid

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71
Q

What happened in April 1477?

A

Seized Isabel’s former servant, Ankarette Twynho and brought her to Warwick

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72
Q

What did he accuse the servant of?

A

Poisoning the duchess and terrorised the jury to pass a guilty verdict

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73
Q

What happened to the servant?

A

Hanged on the 15th April

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74
Q

What did the act show?

A

Clarence was an over-mighty subject

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75
Q

What did Ed do in response to his brother’s actions?

A

Seeking evidence of his brother’s treachery

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76
Q

What happened to Dr John Stacey?

A

Arrested on the grounds that he had used magic with ill intent

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77
Q

What did Stacey admit to?

A

Predicting the early deaths of the king and his eldest son

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78
Q

What happened to Burdett and Stacey?

A

Convicted of inciting rebellion and hanged in May

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79
Q

What did Clarence do in response to the hangings?

A

Interrupted a coucnil meeting and ensured the Burdett and Stacey final delcarations of innocence were read

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80
Q

What did Ed do?

A

Returned from Windsor and personally charged the duke and imprisoned him

81
Q

When was Clarence tried?

A

January 1478

82
Q

Who spoke in defence of the Duke?

A

No one

83
Q

Who passed the death sentence of Clarence?

A

Buckingham

84
Q

How was Clarence killed?

A

Drowned in a vat of wine

85
Q

How did some view Ed after the death of Clarence?

A

As a tyrannt

86
Q

When did Ed become ill?

A

Easter 1483

87
Q

When did Ed die?

A

9 April at Westminster

88
Q

How long was he ill for?

A

10 days

89
Q

What did Ed add to his will?

A

Codicils

90
Q

What did he leave out?

A

Clear succession plans - should Ed jnr. be crowned immediately or should they wait with advisors

91
Q

How old was Ed jnr.?

A

12

92
Q

What was the fear?

A

Woodvilles would influence Ed

93
Q

Where and who had Ed jnr. lived?

A

Ludlow with Anthony Qoodville

94
Q

When did Gloucester declare himself Protector?

A

4 May - no opposition

95
Q

What happened at Stony Stratford?

A

Gloucester intercepted the young king and Anthony was Arrested as well as Grey and Vaughan

96
Q

Where did Elizabeth go?

A

Westminster with young Richard to seek sanctuary

97
Q

What was Richard not able to do?

A

Secure the execution of a number of leading members of the queen’s family

98
Q

Where was the young king held?

A

Tower of London

99
Q

What happened during May and June 1483?

A

Ed’s coronation delayed

100
Q

When did the royal council meet to discuss celebrations?

A

9 June

101
Q

What did Richard requested?

A

Armed reinforcements against the queen and supporters

102
Q

Who was arrested during a council meeting?

A

Lord Stanley, Bishop of Ely and Archbishop of York

103
Q

What happened on 13 June?

A

Lord Hastings was executed

104
Q

What did Elizabeth agree to do?

A

Release Richard from sanctuary to attend the coronation

105
Q

What did she require?

A

Assurance of both the Archbishop of Canterbury and Bishop of Lincoln

106
Q

When was the coronation delayed until again?

A

9th November

107
Q

Who had given public statements supporting Richard’s claim to the throne?

A

Dr Ralph Shaw and Buckingham

108
Q

What was claimed about the boys?

A

They were illegitimate - Ed was already precontracted to another woman

109
Q

What happened on 25th June?

A

Anthony, Grey and Vaughan were executed at Pontefract in the presence of Richard’s army

110
Q

What did Gloucester do on the 26th?

A

Declare himself as king

111
Q

When was Richard crowned?

A

6th July

112
Q

When was the claims of illegitimacy confirmed?

A

Richard’s first parliament

113
Q

What weakened the support for Richard?

A

The fact he definitely killed kids

114
Q

What was the most influential interpretation of Richard?

A

Shakespeare’s Richard III

115
Q

When were both the princes in the tower?

A

16th June 1483

116
Q

What happened in July 1483?

A

Richard heard of a plot to free the boys from the Tower

117
Q

What is the only source written at the time of the usurpation

A

Dominic Mancini - Italian diplomat

118
Q

Who else is suggested to have been the murderer?

A

Henry Stafford - Duke of Buckingham

119
Q

How did Buckingham have a claim to the throne?

A

Through his connection with the Beauforts

120
Q

Who was Buckingham married to?

A

Katherine Woodville - hated her

121
Q

What happened on the 10th May 1483?

A

Richard granted Buckingham control of Wales and the Marches

122
Q

What did Buckingham have the right to do?

A

Raise troops in Shropshire, Herefordshire, Somerset, Wiltshire and Dorset

123
Q

Where did Buckingham gain control after Hastings’ death?

A

North Midlands

124
Q

What did Buckingham do on 24th June 1483?

A

Gave a speech at Guildhall promoting Richard’s claim

125
Q

Who was Polydore Vergil?

A

Italian priest living in England - wrote for

126
Q

Who was Polydore Vergil?

A

Italian priest living in England - wrote for Henry Tudor

127
Q

Who was accused of being ordered to murder the boys?

A

Robert Brakenbury

128
Q

Who was accused of actually murdering the boys?

A

James Tyrell

129
Q

Who was allegedly appointed to kill the boys?

A

Miles Forest and John Dighton

130
Q

When was Richard Crowned?

A

6th July

131
Q

What happened with government personelle?

A

Lots of continuity for the first two months

132
Q

When was Buckingham’s rebellion?

A

October 1483

133
Q

What was the aim of Buckingham’s rebellion?

A

Install Henry Tudor as King

134
Q

Who did Margaret plot with?

A

Elizabeth Woodville

135
Q

Who was the betrothal between?

A

Henry and Elizabeth of York

136
Q

Where did the rebellions break out?

A

South of England - Richard had less influence and strength than in the North

137
Q

What did Buckingham do?

A

Declare support for Henry Tudor

138
Q

What was the connection between Buckingham and Tudor?

A

Cousins

139
Q

When was Henry declared king by the rebels?

A

3 November

140
Q

Why was his attempt thwarted?

A

Weather - couldn’t land in England

141
Q

What did Richard do to stop Henry’s invasion?

A

Placed soldiers along the Devon and Dorset coast

142
Q

What did Ed oblige the clergy to do?

A

Pay a subsidy in response to the call for a crusade to be launched

143
Q

How much money did Richard have to pay out of his own pocket?

A

£800

144
Q

Who was Henry Tudor?

A

Only child of Margaret Beaufort and Edmund Tudor

145
Q

What was Henry Tudor’s title?

A

Earl of Richmond

146
Q

Who was Henry’s grandmother?

A

Catherine of Valois

147
Q

When was Pembroke Castle seized?

A

1461 by Herbert

148
Q

Who became Henry’s feudal lord?

A

Edward IV in 1462

149
Q

What happened to the guardianship of Henry?

A

Sold to Herbert for £1000

150
Q

Who was given ownership of Richmond lands?

A

Gloucester

151
Q

What happens in 1471?

A

Henry becomes the Lancastrian claimant to the throne

152
Q

Who sends Henry to France?

A

Jasper Tudor

153
Q

How long does Henry spend in exile?

A

14 years

154
Q

Who was Henry’s host in France?

A

Francis II

155
Q

What was Henry referred to as?

A

“The Imp”

156
Q

What did Francis do?

A

Used Henry as a pawn

157
Q

What was his justification of using Henry as a pawn?

A

If French and English forces united, Brittany would not survive

158
Q

What happened in 1475?

A

Louis XI and England develop better relations

159
Q

Where does Henry land in 1485?

A

Milford Haven in Wales

160
Q

Who supports Henry?

A

Jasper and de Vere

161
Q

What kinds of people fight for Henry?

A

Not many professionals - tenant farmers, boosted by mercenaries - fought for money rather than loyalty.

162
Q

What happened in 1484?

A

Negotiations with Pierre Landais to handover Henry

163
Q

Where does Henry escape to after discovering the plot to send him home?

A

Brittany

164
Q

Who was anxious to assist Henry?

A

Charles VII - heavily influenced by regents, sister and her husband

165
Q

Why did Charles VII assist Henry?

A

Wanted to cause Richard as much trouble as possible - money and ships and supplies

166
Q

How many troops did Henry have?

A

2,000-4,000

167
Q

Who else helped Henry?

A

400 English exiles who opposed Richard

168
Q

How many troops did Henry have by the time he reached Bosworth?

A

5,000

169
Q

How many troops did Richard have?

A

12,000

170
Q

Who did France support?

A

Tudor

171
Q

What gripe did France have with Richard?

A

He had an aggressive policy of naval attacks on Brittany, Scotland and France in 1483-1484

172
Q

What did Richard do to diminish the impact of Scotland and France?

A

Negotiated a truce with Scots in Nottingham in September - 3 year truce

173
Q

What does Richard do to stick his foot in it?

A

Renews his claim to the French throne

174
Q

What weakened Richard’s preparation attempts?

A

Inaccurate spy reports - said Henry would be arriving from the South

175
Q

When was the Battle of Bosworth?

A

22nd August 1485

176
Q

What was used that was significant?

A

Gunpowder and firearms

177
Q

Who commanded Henry’s vanguard?

A

Oxford

178
Q

What did Northumberland do?

A

Came to support Richard but didn’t engage his troops

179
Q

What was Tudor more likely to do for Northumberland?

A

Give him more power in the North

180
Q

How many of Richard’s men were under Stanley Command?

A

4,000 out of the 12,000

181
Q

What was Stanley’s relation to Henry?

A

Step dad

182
Q

What was Stanley’s position?

A

Constable of England

183
Q

What was Richard’s attitude towards Stanley?

A

Suspicious

184
Q

What was the rumour that Richard had done?

A

Held Stanley’s son hostage to ensure good behaviour

185
Q

Who supports Henry?

A

William Stanley

186
Q

How long was the battle?

A

Two hours

187
Q

When did Margaret flee abroad?

A

Summer 1463

188
Q

What did Edward negotiate with Louis XI?

A

Truce that forbade French from engaging in Lancastrian plots

189
Q

Who plotted against Ed?

A

De Vere and Aubrey - killed

190
Q

When was the Battle of Hedgeley Moor?

A

25 April 1464

191
Q

When did Ed marry Elizabeth?

A

1 May 1464

192
Q

When was the battle of Hexham?

A

15th May 1464

193
Q

When was Ed’s marriage revealed?

A

September 1464

194
Q

What were the Robin of Redesdale rebellions?

A

Underground activities trying to undermine Ed

195
Q

Who controlled the South West?

A

Lord Dynham and Thomas Grey

196
Q

Who ran east Anglia?

A

Norfolk, Suffolk and Howard

197
Q

Who ran Lancashire and Cheshire?

A

Lord Stanley

198
Q

Who was the biggest landlord in the Marches?

A

Ed

Edexcel History: Lancastrians, Yorkists and Henry VII (7 decks)

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