Henry V Flashcards
Who was the originator of Lollardy
John Wycliffe
Who summoned Wycliffe?
Archbishop of Canterbury
What did Lollardy deny?
Transubstantiation
What idea about priests did Lollard deny?
Persona Christi
What did Lollards want the bible to be?
In English
What did Wycliffe claim?
Charitable works and prayers for the dead had no effect.
What was Lollard’s belief on property of the church?
Should not own property
What did Lollards think of the Pope?
He was corrupt and shouldn’t be the head of the church
Who were some Lollard views attractive to?
The politically powerful such as Gaunt as they resented paying taxes to the Church in Rome and welcomed a decline in papal power.
What was the Church to monarchs?
A vital element for obedience and legitimacy
What was the coronation filled with?
Orthodox symbolism - Canterbury, holy oil, oath to God.
What did Henry do in 1410?
Attends the burning of John Badby In 1410 and attempted to stop it - turns up to show support of orthodoxy.
Who was Oldcastle?
Lancastrian associate - served under Henry V in Wales against Glyndwr.
What happened in 1410?
One attempt was made to move against Oldcastle in 1410 - Arundel attempted to place an interdict against his chaplain but he benefitted from his association with Prince Henry.
What did Oldcastle do in 1411?
Lead an expedition to Burgundy - a deliberate ploy.
What happened in 1413?
Oldcastle under continual surveillance and in Aug 1413, Arundel arrested and prosecuted him.
What did Oldcastle do?
Escape
Who condemned Lollard teachings?
Pope Gregory XI
Where were there a number of Lollards?
Oxford
What did Gaunt argue in relation to Wycliffe?
Argue that England should not send money to the pope - always been politically controversial. Teaching that the pope was not-all power and that kings therefore might not be bound by his decisions was useful for monarchs.
What could the Pope do?
Make kings unpopular and also allowed rebels to claim they were acting with god’s blessing in attacking the monarch.
When was the Oldcastle rebellion?
January 1414
What was the aim of the Oldcastle plot?
Kidnap the king and force him to accept Lollardy or murder him so that Oldcastle could rule.
How many people were definitely involved in the Oldcastle plot?
220
How many were rumoured to be involved?
25,000
How many insurgents were convicted of treason?
69
How many were hanged?
31
What did Oldcastle do?
Run away
What Statute was passed?
Statute of Lollards - church more supported to tackle Lollards - all heretics to be executed
What act was passed in 1411?
Statute of Riots - take action against criminals
Who does Oldcastle declare loyalty to?
Richard II
When was the Southampton Plot?
1415
What was the aim of the Southampton Plot?
Divert Henry’s attention from invasion of France and replace him with Mortimer
Who supported the Southampton Plot?
Scotland, Wales, Northumberland and possibly the French king
How old was Henry when he came to power?
26
What did he have a reputation for?
Being a fighter due to his time spent in Wales
When did he lead troops?
Against Hotspur in 1403
What led to Henry’s increased power in governing?
Henry IV’s descent into illness
Who else was in the council until 1411?
Arundel
What did he have some success in?
Controlling the crown’s finances and improving relations with the Commons
What was the suggestion from the Beauforts?
The king should abdicate in favour of Henry V
What did Henry IV seem to be?
Resentful towards Henry V’s use of royal power
What happened in 1411 - 1412?
Henry was publicly excluded from political influence - humiliating
What happened in September 1412?
Reconciliation between the two men
When was the blessing given to Henry as heir?
March 1413
When did the HYW begin?
1377 under Edward III
What happened during the reign of Richard II?
Hostilities towards France reduced - had a pro-French stance
What happened during Henry IV’s reign?
Conflict resumed - piracy and fighting in Aquitaine
What meant focus was limited in France during Henry IV’s reign?
Illness, conflict with Scots and Welsh and financial difficulties
What did Henry do to regain these losses?
Sent ambassadors to the French king - claiming all territories had been English
What treaty handed land to the French in 1360?
Treaty of Bretigny
What else did Henry ask for?
The hand of the youngest daughter of the King - Catherine of valois
What was the French’s response?
Rejection - deliberately chose to insult Henry
What did the French send to Henry?
Tennis Balls - King’s youth
What spurred Henry’s plans to invade in 1414-1415?
Charles VI mental health problems
What did Henry do 1413 - 1415 to isolate France?
Diplomatic measures
What did Henry see the invasion as?
A way to prove himself as monarch and silence critics
What attitude was taken towards Wales?
Conciliatory - investigated complaints of oppression and issuing pardons for some former rebels
What was the outcome of his measures towards Wales?
Less chance of a rebellion in his absence and some men more likely to fight in an army against the French
What measures did Henry take towards the Percies?
Rehabilitate them - ordered that the Hotspur heir was returned to England and could inherit Yorkshire, Northumberland and Cumberland estates
What title was Hotspurs’ heir given?
Northumberland - used to protect against the Scots
What happened in 1406?
King James I was captured and held as prisoner - reducing incursions on the northern border
What happened Jan 1414?
10 year truce with the Duke of Brittany with hopes to isolate France and prevent Bretons from helping the French
What was the rumour about the Southampton plot?
Funded by the French to delay the English invasion
How big was Henry’s army?
10,500 to 12,000 men
Where was placed under siege?
Harfleur - surrendered on the 22 September
What caused English losses?
Dysentry
What is the criticism of Henry’s march to Calais?
Too long a journey - soldiers were exhausted
How many French soldiers were waiting at the Somme?
6000
Where did Henry’s men have to cross?
Amiens upstream
What did the French do to make the journey harder for the English?
Block bridges and mirror the English’s position
How did Henry get them over the river?
Pushed his troops and gained half a day on the French - found a causeway
When did they get over the river?
19th October
When was the battle of Agincourt?
25th October 1415
Who was where?
Henry centre, Edward DoY right, Baron Camoys left
What % of his army were longbowmen?
80%
Where were the archers positions?
At the front protected by sharp stakes - also sent behind the army
How many divisions of men did the French have?
3
What was the issue with the close formation?
The French were grouped too tightly and the muddy ground and heavy armour lead to them getting stuck
What were archers ordered to do when they ran out of arrows?
Engage in hand to hand combat
What did Henry order at the end of the Battle?
The murder of all prisoners to prevent them helping in the case of French reinforcements
Why were many soldiers unwilling to kill prisoners?
Would forfeit their ransom money if they were killed
How many soldiers were lost on the English side?
1 to three hundred
Which significant people were killed?
DoY and De la Pole
How many people died on the French side
Thousands
How many magnates died?
11
How many barons died?
120
How many knights killed?
1,500
Who survived?
Orleans and Bourbon
How many french troops were there?
14,000 - 36,000
What did Agincourt lead to?
More funding from Parliament
Where was the Duchy of Burgundy?
Between Saone and Loire Rivers
What happened in 1361?
Duchy passes into the hands of the Valois dynasty
What happened in 1364?
John II of France granted the Duchy to Philip the Bold (youngest son) - power enhanced by marriage to Margaret - daughter of count of Flanders - wealthy heiress.
When did the Count die?
1384
What did the death mean?
Philip inherited wealth of Flanders
When did Charles VI become a political problem?
1392
Who began to run their own areas as independent states?
Burgundy and Orleans
What did this independence lead to?
Vying with each other for control at court
Who was the regent?
Louis - Charles’ bro
What happens in the 1417-1419 campaign?
Conquered Normandy and captured Roeun
When was Rouen captured?
19 Jan 1419
What assisted Henry in his diplomacy?
Divides in the French government
What did the Duke of Burgundy resent?
French claims of sovereignty over his duchy
What happened the 10th September 1419?
Tension increased when various French parties meet at Montereau to discuss how to deal with the English
How did this meeting end?
John the Fearless was murdered as revenge for the killing of Louis
What did Phil the Good do?
Broke of negotiations with the dauphin and allied with England
Who did Phil support?
Queen Isabella - make them more inclined to accept a treaty and marriage between Henry and Catherine
When was the Treaty of Troyes?
1420
What was the clauses of the treaty?
Charles disinherit, Henry regent, marriage, Henry heir
What did Henry agree to?
Assisting Phil in waging a war against the Armagnacs
What was the first major challenge for the alliance?
Battle of Cravant
What happened in 1423?
Alliance fought the dauphin - successful while being outnumbered
What made the situation change?
Joan of Arc in 1429
What happened in 1434?
Pope Eugenius IV granted formal recognition to Charles’ kingship
What happened in mid 1434?
Phil considering breaking the alliance
What happened in 1435?
Met messengers for Charles at Nevers and came to a preliminary peace treaty - formalised in the summer at the Congress of Arras
When was the fall of Paris?
April 1436
When was heavy taxation granted to Henry?
1415-1416
How big was Henry’s army in 1417?
10,000 men
When did the army land in the Seine estaury?
August 1st
What was significant about this date?
Feast of St Peter ad Vincula - Peter freed by an angel from King Herod’s captivity.
What happened two weeks after their landing?
Captured Caen - bombardment and the townspeoples recognition that resistance would disadvantage them
What happened mid November 1417?
Parliament agrees to another double lay subsidy
What did Warwick do?
Assaults on key towns like Alencon and Domfront
Where did Gloucester besiege?
Cherbourg - staved it into surrender in 1418
Where was an administration set up?
Caen
What happened 24th November 1417?
Henry styles himself as Duke of Normandy as well as King of France
How did he encourage local acceptance?
Discipline aka cruelty
When was the fall of Falaise?
Turn of the year
Who helped Henry command?
Thomas and Humphrey
What happened 20th July 1418?
Point-de-l’Arche seized - miles from Rouen
Why was Rouen significant?
Capital of Normandy - cut of Parisian support
When did the seige of Rouen begin?
30th July 1418
What was the method of the siege?
Starve the city
How long did the siege last?
Six months
How much did the English fine Rouen?
£50,000
What did Rouen recognise Henry as?
Their feudal Lord
What happened in 1418 Summer?
French had maintained a united front until now, when Burgundian Duke John the Fearless seized Paris along with the King and Quee
What did Henry do October 1418?
Negotiate with both parties
How much was Catherines dowry?
1 million
When do negotiations stall?
Spring 1419
What happens in May and June 1419?
Burgundian meeting. At Meulan - prepared to offer the Bretigny terms plus Normandy and dowry demands - Princess Catherine was there.
When was John killed?
10th September 1419
Where never fell?
Mont Saint Michel
When was the marriage?
2 June 1420
What was disrupted?
Gascony’s wine exports - damaged Bristol
What happens in 1420?
Weather impacts the harvest - many die
