Changing Sinews of Power Flashcards
1
Q
What is the wheel of fortune?
A
Image that one day things could be going very well for an individual, they were at the top of the wheel - successful and admired - but Fortune might spin ensuring that they sank back down the social and political ranks
2
Q
What was important for maintaining royal authority?
A
Royal finances being collected by officials
3
Q
What was money used for?
A
Range of purposes which were central to providing effective government and ensure the monarch’s position was secured.
4
Q
What was routine expenditure spent on?
A
Maintenance of the king
Regular defence
Administration
5
Q
What was involved in the maintenance of the king?
A
Large organisation including retainers, servants, advisers. Some on clothes and food could seem extravagant - contemporaries expected kings to live opulent lives and regarded as crucial to maintain order and authority
6
Q
What was a critique of Henry VI during Cade’s rebellion?
A
The king was so in debt that he could not pay for food and drink for his household.
7
Q
Where were the main areas of focus for regular defence?
A
Protection of Scottish and Welsh borders and security in overseas areas - Ireland and Calais.
8
Q
What was administration cost?
A
Employing staff in government departments. - Exchequer and Chamber, funds for calling parliament, running law courts etc.
9
Q
What is exceptional expenditure?
A
Finance for ceremonial costs, coronations, baptisms and weddings
10
Q
What were exceptional defence costs?
A
Money for an invasion or to repel attacks on territories in France - 100 YW - major outlay during Henry VI reign.
11
Q
What happened during the period?
A
Decline in the traditional incomes enjoyed by the king
12
Q
What trade declined?
A
Wool trade - fall in tax revenue
13
Q
What was the main issue for Lancastrian kings?
A
High defensive costs
14
Q
Where did Henry IV have difficulties in terms of rebellions?
A
Wales and Scotland
15
Q
What difficulties did Henry V have?
A
War with France - by the end of his reign, parliament expressed unease with royal finances
16
Q
What had to be sold to pay of Henry V’s debt?
A
Jewellery and ships had to be sold to pay back creditors
17
Q
What was royal debt in 1433?
A
£225,000
18
Q
What was royal debt in 1450?
A
$372,000
19
Q
What was the most forceful expression of critique of Henry VI’s finances?
A
Cade’s Rebellion
20
Q
Who did Ed try to improve relationships with?
A
London Merchants
21
Q
What unpopular measures did Ed engage with?
A
Forced loans and gifts - also benevolences
22
Q
What treaty was signed in 1475?
A
Treaty of Picquigny
23
Q
What did the Treaty of Picquigny do?
A
Gave Edward an annual pension of £10,000 per annum
24
Q
How much did royal income increase by during Henry VII?
A
40%
25
What is the power of patronage?
Crucial demonstration of royal power in the late medieval period - granting land = delicate matter.
26
What is the theory behind patronage?
All the land is the king's and he can give it out in return for loyalty - basis of the feudal system
27
What is important for patronage?
There is a certain level of stability and the king must recognise hereditary of noble families
28
What is a key example of this obligation breaking down?
Richard II disinheriting Bolingbroke
29
What was a key benefit of the HYW?
More land to give out with newly conquered lands - when not available, must use English land
30
When would forfeiture of lands happen?
Individual Lords being guilty of traty
31
Who benefitted from the death of Warwick?
Gloucester and Clarence
32
What is an Act of Attainder?
Disinheritance of a whole family - powerful method of control - threat
33
What did Henry VII do?
Named himself the king the day before Bosworth so he could attain all the troops on Richard's side
34
Why was attainting not always wise?
Disinherited heirs have nothing to lose - Edward
35
How would the crown gain lands after battle?
Nobles or gentry being killed or found guilty of treason
36
What were windfalls used as?
Used as reward to supporters - not benefit land in the long term
37
What was the royal demesne?
Property held by the monarch directly rather than having another lord
38
What was the issue with Henry VI?
Everything - profligate and mentally unstable
39
What did the crown lands do pre 1399?
Did not make a substantial contribution to national finances and were intended to support members of the extended royal family.
40
What did Henry IV retain?
Duchy of Lancaster
41
What did the Duchy require?
Required own administrative council and staffed own chancellor, chamberlain, two chief stewards etc.
42
What did Henry IV want to do?
Wanted to make a clear division between his position as king and his position as the DoL - Duchy treated the same as if he had never been king - indicates the insecurity on the throne.
43
What was parliament keen for Henry IV to do?
Live of his own - less likely to grant taxation
44
What was the average income of the Duchy?
£11,000
45
What were some Duchy lands used for?
Form of patronage
46
How much did the Duchy contribute per annum?
£31,120
47
What was Henry VI?
Royal Power Vacuum
48
What is an act of resumption?
Act of parliament which removed land and returned it to the crown - passed at various points
49
Example of an act of resumption?
1404 - Henry IV petitioned to resume all crown land - incredibly unpopular.
50
How did parliament curb the exploitation of Henry VI?
Resumption
51
What is a personal service?
Serving one's lord with wine at dinner or holding his banner in battle
52
What is payment of rent?
Usually paid in kind - military service or produce - rent usually paid in cast from 1300
53
What is the tenant-in-chief required to do?
Provide one or more knights to serve the king - declined following the 14th century
54
What replaced the obligation of military service?
Lords were authorised to raise forces in the name of the crown and then contracts.
55
What were these contracts called?
Indentures, commissions of array or musters
56
What are mercenaries?
Employed/ paid soldiers - usually used for overseas battles
57
What did crown lands provide?
King gained a fee when tenants eldest daughter get married - greater feudal rights - right to the wardship of idiots - took profits from those who were mentally ill.
58
What was the most crucial aspect of a king's income?
Custom duties - most lucrative source of money
59
What were fees levied on?
Imported and exported goods - long-standing royal prerogative that the king gained the income from this
60
What was the most lucrative trade?
Wool
61
What was the single largest payment to royal coffers?
Wool subsidy
62
How many raw wool exports were there in 1390?
21,000
63
How many raw wool exports were there in 1510?
8,500
64
When was there a trade recession?
1440 to 1480
65
Where was raw wool going?
Made into woollen cloth - less taxed industry
66
Who had issues balancing royal revenue?
Henry V and Henry VI
67
Who declared the true state of finances to parliament?
Lord Cromwell
68
What was the annual deficit under Henry VI?
£16,000
69
What worsened economic issues?
Piracy in the Channel - considerable disruption during 1440s and 1450s
70
How much did annual crown revenue fall from and to by 1450s?
£90,000 to £24,000 - exacerbated by the loss of France
71
What meant Henry VI was very reliant on loans from Lords?
Alienation of the crown lands
72
Who was left unpaid by Henry VI?
Henry Beaufort and Richard Duke of York
73
What did parliament control up to 1471?
Over the money obtained by wool - could vary the amount levied on each sack depending on the defensive needs.
74
What reduced Ed's dependency on Parliament?
Fixed amount subsidy
75
What was the impact of Ed's treaties?
Trade improved - increase in royal revenue from customs.
76
When were foreigners taxed more than natives?
From 1303 - new/ petty customs on foreign merchants
77
How much did foreign merchants have to pay on wool wax and leather?
50%
78
What was this extra 50% extended to in 1347?
Cloth
79
Who were excluded from paying poundage?
Those in the Hanseatic League
80
Why was wine important?
Unsafe to drink water - various forms of alcohol consumed as they were safe to drink
81
Who drank wine?
Higher social orders - meant that French holdings were significant
82
What was the system of law enforcement?
Efficient enough to ensure that payments owing to the crown were made.
83
What were the central courts?
Westminster and included the court of the Exchequer - heard cases relating to the crown's revenue
84
Who were the judges in the central courts?
Barons of the Exchequer.
85
Where did fine money go?
To the king's coffers
86
What did Ed focus on?
Loans and taxation
87
What did Henry VII do?
Birth of more modern form of government - management of finance - bonds
88
What were bonds?
Payments to the crown by members of the nobility in return for privileges or fines which were imposed on those who had questionable loyalty or who were likely to quarrel with another noble family.
89
How many members of the peerage were obliged to pay the crown?
More than half
90
What could nobles have to do?
Pay an annual sum in lieu of the whole amount
91
What did bonds ensure?
Loyalty to the king
92
What was the legality of bonds?
Dubious - allowed punishments of potential offences rather than actual ones
93
Who was in charge of bonds?
Dudley
94
What was the most controversial form of income?
tax
95
What did tax have to be?
Agreed by parliament - meet costs of defending the realm - war
96
How was tax usually granded?
Usual to grant the tenths and fifteenths
97
What did the countryside pay?
Fifteenth of the value of movable goods,
98
What did towns and cities pay?
Tenths
99
What was the issue with fixed levies?
Inflexible - severe drop in population - fewer people to pay tax - burden much heavier - petitioned the crown asking for relief - periodic success.
100
What occurred?
Tax evasion
101
Who was liable to make up the difference if not enough was collected?
The local man
102
Why did Henry V get a lot of tax granted?
He was a genius
103
What was the November Parliament of 1450?
After loss of Normandy - highly critical of Henry VI and Somerset
104
What happens when tax is resented?
Harder to collect - lack of funds hinder war effort - vicious downward spiral.
105
When did the issue of taxation become evident?
1449 - parliament taken this precaution of charging payment thresholds to make tax less harsh
106
How much of the expected money had been paid by 1453?
3/4
107
What did Henry VI do?
Imposed tax on parishes in 1428 - 1431 on land.
108
When was income tax introduced?
1435 by Henry VI
109
When did Ed introduce income tax?
1472-73 - raise money for France
110
How much money was raised from the income tax?
Half of the expected £60,000
111
What was the Exchequer?
Bureaucratic institution dealing with royal finance - receive, store and pay out money
112
What did Ed use the chamber as?
An extension of the King's personal arrangements
113
What issue did Henry IV have with the Duke of Orleans?
Was challenged to armed combat twice between 1402-03
114
What happened in France in 1403?
French invade Aquitaine - forces English to retreat
115
What happened on the South Coast in 1404?
Two French Naval attacks
116
What did the Duke of Orleans and Henry argue about in 1400-01?
The return of Queen Isabella - Richard II Widow
117
What was happening in the channel in 1401-02?
Piracy - lead to a decline in trade
118
What did the Hanseatic League do in 1405?
Trade restrictions on the English for their involvement in piracy
119
When was the siege of Rouen?
1419
120
How much of France did Henry V conquer?
1/3 of France
121
What did the fall of Rouen in 1419 lead to?
Fall of Upper Normandy
122
What was negotiated in Jan 1414?
Ten Year Truce with the Duke of Brittany
123
When was the Treaty of Troyes?
1420
124
What was the significance of the Treaty of Troyes?
Marriage to Catherine of Valois - made Henry the heir to the French throne -ensured a large dowry.
125
What battle occurred in 1424?
Verneuil - lead by Bedford and a success
126
When was Charles the VII crowned?
1429
127
What happened in 1449?
Attack of Fougeres - Charles said Tours was invalid now and went back to conquering
128
Where was the English army defeated in 1450?
Normandy and Gascony
129
When was the Battle of Castillon?
1453 - all English but Calais lost
130
When was Cade's Rebellion?
1450 - result of foreign policy
131
When was the Treaty of Tours?
1444
132
What was the Treaty of Tours?
Hoped to secure long lasting peace with the marriage to Margaret of Anjou, but gave Maine back to France which was unpopular
133
What did Ed intend to do in 1475?
Go to war with France - raised tax for it
134
Who was a good diplomat?
Warwick - organising the marriage for Bona of Savoy
135
When was the Treaty of Picquigny?
1475
136
When did Richard attack France and Brittany?
Winter of 1483-4
137
Why did Richard attack France and Brittany?
Wanted them to hand over Henry Tudor
138
How long was Richard's truce with Scotland?
3 years from 1484
139
What was the agreement with Brittany
Henry Tudor in return for 1,000 archers
140
Why did this agreement fail?
Henry escaped and ended up in France whee he had better support
141
Who did Richard sign a Treaty of Friendship with?
Spain
142
Who did Richard consider marrying?
A Portuguese princess
143
Who died in 1488?
Francis of Brittany
144
What did the death of Francis lead to?
French claimed custody of his young daughter and heir, Anne, making it seem likely they would try to Annex Brittany.
145
What treaty was signed in 1489?
Treaty of Redon between Brittany and England. England promised support to Brittany.
146
When was Brittany absorbed into France?
1491
147
How was Brittany absorbed into France?
Marriage between Duchess Anne and charles
148
What does parliament do in 1491?
Granted Henry two subsidies and he began preparing to invade France.
149
What happened in 1492?
English army of 26000 crossed Channel and besieged Boulogne, leading to Treaty of Etaples.
150
When was the Treaty of Medina del Campo?
1489
151
What was the Medina del Campo treaty?
Marriage agreement between Arthur and Catherine
152
When did England join the Holy league?
1496
153
When was the proxy marriage
1499
154
When was the marriage solemnised?
1501
155
When was Papal Dispensation granted?
1504
156
When did Philip die?
1506
157
What did the death of Philip lead to?
Financial wrangling between Henry and Fredinand
158
What happened in 1485?
1 year truce with France, extended to 1488.
159
What happened in 1486?
3 year truce with Scotland. Commercial treaty with Brittany.
160
When was the treaty between Maximilian made?
1487
161
When was a commercial treaty made between England and France?
1496
162
When was Magnus Intercurus made?
1496
163
When was the Treaty of Ayton?
1497
164
When did James IV and Margaret get married?
1503
165
What happened to Philip in 1506?
Shipwrecked in England; Philip agreed to surrender Suffolk.
166
When was Henry IV's first parliament?
1399
167
What happened at Henry's first parliament?
Confirmed Henry as king, Prince Hal made Prince of Wales
168
What did Henry do in 1401?
Requested a subsidy - parliament requested an address of grievances
169
What happened in 1402 in parliament?
Custom duties and 10th and 15th granted after Homildon Hill
170
When were there tensions regarding finances?
1404
171
When was the Unlearned Parliament?
1404
172
What happened at the Unlearned Parliament?
Taxes granted but only with conditions
173
When was the Long Parliament?
1406
174
What happened at the Long Parliament?
Who to rule while Henry was ill - controls to the crown's expenditure
175
What did Henry do in 1411?
Reasserted himself after suggestions he resign in favour of his son
176
What did Parliament give Henry V in 1415?
Tonnage and poundage for life and two other taxes
177
What happened in 1420?
Decision that sittings should not be helf in the King's absence
178
How many parliaments did Henry V have in 9 years?
11
179
When did Parliament refuse Henry V more taxation?
1421
180
How many parliaments did Henry IV have in 14 years?
11
181
When was the Conciliar Protectorate set up?
1422
182
What was the Parliament of Bats?
Dealt with the Gloucester/Beaufort dispute - Beaufort removed as Chancellor
183
When was the Parliament of Bats?
1426
184
What happened in 1449-1450?
Attack on Adam Moleyns, Bishop of Chichester and keeper of the privy seal; impeachment of Suffolk, petition for Act of Resumption
185
When was York declared protector?
1454
186
When was the Act of Resumption?
1456
187
When was the Parliament of Devils?
1459
188
When was the Act of Accord?
1460
189
How many parliaments did Henry VI have in 39 years?
22
190
How many parliaments did Ed have in 22 years?
6
191
When was parliament used to confirm Ed's position?
1461
192
What happened in 1467?
Parliament expressed concern about breakdown of law and order
193
What did parliament do in 1473?
Divide Beauchamp-Despenser inheritance between Clarence and Gloucester
194
When was Clarence found guilty?
1477
195
What was Richard's only parliament?
1484 - Titulus Regius - confirming him as king
196
How many parliaments did Henry VII have in 24 years?
7
197
When did parliament attaint Henry's enemies?
1485
198
When was Henry's act of Resumption?
1486
199
When did Henry ask for tax?
1487
200
What parliament spurred the Yorkshire tax rebellion?
1489 - fund Brittany defence
201
What parliament spurred the Cornish tax rebellion?
1496 - Fund war against the Scots.
