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Edexcel History: Lancastrians, Yorkists and Henry VII > Henry VI > Flashcards

Henry VI Flashcards

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1
Q

When was Cade’s rebellion?

A

May - June 1450

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2
Q

What was Cade’s rebellion?

A

Popular and widespread rebellion against Henry VI’s government

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3
Q

Who lead Cade’s rebellion?

A

Jack Cade

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4
Q

What Alias did Cade use?

A

John Mortimer - chosen to give impression that he was connected to the DoY

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5
Q

What did the rebels wish for?

A

Richard DoY to be acknowledged as heir

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6
Q

Where did the revolt start?

A

Kent

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7
Q

What did the revolt result from?

A

Local grievances against Lord Saye and William Crowmer

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8
Q

Who was Crowmer?

A

Sheriff known for his corruption

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9
Q

Who was Saye?

A

King’s treasurer - had a reputation for violence and avarice

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10
Q

What was the trigger for the revolt?

A

Murder of Suffolk - washes up on the shores of Kent

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11
Q

What were the rumours in relation to the death of Suffolk?

A

Saye and Crowmer threatened widespread destruction in the region for revenge

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12
Q

What was the rebellion indicative of?

A

Poor level of law and order maintained in the area

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13
Q

What was the widespread assumption?

A

Powerful supporters of Suffolk habitually acted outside the law without redress from the king.

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14
Q

Where did the uprisings take place?

A

Kent, Surrey, Sussex, Middlesex and Essex - others in the Midlands, South and West

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15
Q

What happened on the 29th June?

A

Salisbury killed in the church by a mob

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16
Q

What was a main motivation for the revolt?

A

Complaints regarding high taxation to fund the unsuccessful war in France - loss of Normandy

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17
Q

Who was mainly blamed for the Loss of France?

A

Somerset - believed to have taken advantage of the weak king

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18
Q

Who were members of the revolt at the start?

A

Craftsmen, peasants and lesser gentry - prominent and respectable figures in local village life.

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19
Q

When did the mob march to London and set up at Blackheath?

A

11th June

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20
Q

What did Henry do?

A

Sent Stafford and Kemp to calm the situation - rejected by Cade

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21
Q

When did Henry send troops to the camp?

A

13th June

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22
Q

What happened at Sevenoaks?

A

Rebels ambushed a group of the king’s men - killing Humphrey Stafford and William Stafford.

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23
Q

What happened in the royal army?

A

Mutiny in the ranks - king’s former soldiers rampaging around London - attempt to appease them by ordering the arrest of Saye and placing him in the tower.

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24
Q

When did Henry flee to Kenilworth?

A

25th June

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25
Q

How did Henry placate the rebels?

A

Execution of Saye

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26
Q

How many men were a part of the rebellion?

A

46,000

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27
Q

Who joined Cade’s army?

A

Retainers of the king and nobles who decided to betray their masters

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28
Q

Who defeated the rebels?

A

Londoners

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29
Q

What does Margaret do?

A

Takes control in London

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30
Q

What was their first grievance?

A

Richard has been excluded from those who were closely advising the king. Duke of Exeter, duke of Buckingham and Norfolk to form part of Henry’s council - good advice.

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31
Q

What was their second grievance?

A

Dudley, Saye and Salisbury - notable they were involved the negotiation of Tours - anger concerning loss of France.

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32
Q

What was their third grievance?

A

Access to the king for petitioning and justice - currently elitist.

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33
Q

What was their fourth grievance?

A

Bankrupt country.

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34
Q

What was their fifth grievance?

A

Breakdown of respect for the law among the nobility - tyrannical and unlawful decisions - rebels concerned about lands being seized.

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35
Q

What was their sixth grievance?

A

Misgovernment and corruption among law enforcement.

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36
Q

What was their seventh grievance?

A

Need for law and order to be restored - courts needed to be fair.

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37
Q

What was the aftermath of the revolt?

A

Clemency with rebels - pockets of resistance continued, firmer line was taken in 1451 - Cade wounded and died - boiled his skull and it was displayed.

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38
Q

What is a possible significance of Cade’s rebellion?

A

Reason York came home

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39
Q

What happened in 1450?

A

Act of Resumption - allowed to recover lands granted to favourites - major humiliations - appease public opinion - can’t be seen as only down to Cade - had been petitions for it beforehand.

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40
Q

What did Henry VI inherit?

A

Titles of English and french Throwns

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41
Q

What did both countries need?

A

Government by separate councils of nobles

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42
Q

When was he deemed an adult?

A

14 or 15

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43
Q

When was Henry’s adult reign dated?

A

1437

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44
Q

What was unclear following his ascesion?

A

Whether he took over genuine control

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45
Q

What was he?

A

Inept - militarily, physically and feeble

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46
Q

What was a criticism of Henry?

A

He was poorly dressed and appeared to take little interest in the normal noble pursuits of the day

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47
Q

What did his lack of opulence suggest?

A

Bad royal finances

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48
Q

What was he seen as?

A

Too pious - spent a lot of time praying

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49
Q

What lead to Henry’s poor finances?

A

The mess his father left him

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50
Q

What was Margaret described as?

A

Ferocious and vengeful

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51
Q

What was the controversy about over her marriage?

A

Gave away Anjou and Maine

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52
Q

Where were there significant defeats in France?

A

1444

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53
Q

Who was at the head of the French Campaign?

A

Somerset and Suffolk

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54
Q

What did Suffolk arrange?

A

Two year truce at Tours

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55
Q

Who favoured continued military action?

A

Gloucester

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56
Q

What was another issue with their marriage?

A

No dowry - English had to pay for the wedding and pay money to the French

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57
Q

What was the issue with her being French and a woman?

A

Misogyny and Xenophonia

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58
Q

What did the Lancastrians become notoroious for?

A

Rape and looting in towns - from Lack of control from Margaret

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59
Q

When was the Parliament of Devils and Act of Attainder?

A

1459

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60
Q

Why was Gloucester killed?

A

Spoke out against the king

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61
Q

What was York?

A

Heir apparent until the birth of Edward

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62
Q

Who did Margaret support?

A

Somerset and Suffolk

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63
Q

When was Edward born?

A

1453

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64
Q

When was Henry catatonic?

A

1453

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65
Q

Who became protector in 1453?

A

Duke of York

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66
Q

What happened to Somerset during the protectorate?

A

Thrown in prison

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67
Q

When was the Battle of St Albans?

A

1455 May

68
Q

Who was killed at St Albans?

A

Somerset

69
Q

What happened to Henry at St Albans?

A

Captured by the Yorkists

70
Q

Who was made Captain of Calais?

A

Warwick

71
Q

When was York made protector again?

A

November 1455

72
Q

Why did York struggle in his second protectorate?

A

Failed to consolidate position and couldn’t get rid of the Lancastrian influence

73
Q

When was Loveday?

A

1458 - well done Henry

74
Q

When was Ludford Bridge?

A

October 1459

75
Q

What happened at Ludford Bridge?

A

York and allies flee and go into exile

76
Q

Where does York flee to?

A

Ireland

77
Q

Why was the Parliament of devils a bad idea?

A

Invigorate York to fight

78
Q

What Battle occurs after the act of attainder?

A

Northampton

79
Q

What does York do that was silly?

A

Places his hand on the throne

80
Q

Who was the Duke of Suffolk?

A

Leading adviser to the King in the late 1430s

81
Q

Why was he mainly unpopular?

A

Negotiated Tours in 1444

82
Q

What did Somerset do in 1449?

A

Advocated for the English attack on Fougeres - triggered the retaliatory attack on Normandy - lead to loss of Normandy

83
Q

How much money was owed by the crown?

A

£370,000

84
Q

Who was the crown most in debt to?

A

York

85
Q

Where was Suffolk killed?

A

On a boat

86
Q

What was Suffolk?

A

OVERMIGHTY SUBJECT

87
Q

When did England lose areas of Gascony?

A

1451-52

88
Q

When did the English lose the War?

A

July 1453

89
Q

Where did France take back?

A

Bordeaux

90
Q

Where did England keep?

A

Calais

91
Q

How long was Henry catatonic?

A

17 months

92
Q

When was the meeting of the great council?

A

November 1453

93
Q

What happened at the Great Council?

A

Norfolk accuses Somerset of treason on the grounds of the poor military leadership during the HYW

94
Q

Who wanted to be regent?

A

Margaret - wanted to exclude York from conideration

95
Q

Why was Margaret ignored?

A

York’s seniority and wealth

96
Q

When does York become protector?

A

March 1454

97
Q

What was there debate over?

A

Whether York was aiming to seize the crown or whether the ambition grew as the political situation deteriorated

98
Q

What did the protectorate allow York to do?

A

Prove himself as a viable alternative

99
Q

What qualities did York display?

A

Statesman like quality

100
Q

What did York do?

A

Declared his loyalty to Edward

101
Q

What kind of advisors did York have?

A

Range of opinions

102
Q

What was the downfall of his Protectorate?

A

Not trusted by the whole nobility - unease about supporting York to take crucial decisions in the absence of an effective king.

103
Q

Who backed York?

A

Neville

104
Q

Why did the Nevilles switch allegiance?

A

1453 - land disputes with Somerset over Glamorgan

105
Q

Who was made chanceloor?

A

Richard Neville, earl of Salisbury

106
Q

What happened in May 1454?

A

York had to prevent a rebellion from the Percies - backing Henry Holland (Exeter) and Lord Egremont

107
Q

Where did the rebels gain support?

A

Yorkshire, Lancashire and Cheshire

108
Q

Who backed York’s military force?

A

Lord Cromwell

109
Q

What happened in July 1454?

A

Exeter caputred and imprisoned at Pontefract - recurrence of Neville-Percy violence in autumn - Stamford bIRDGE

110
Q

Who was made Lord Treasurer?

A

Tiptoft

111
Q

What positions did York give himself?

A

Captain of Calais and Lord Lieutenant of Ireland

112
Q

Who received land?

A

Queen, Stafford, Edmund and Jasper Tudor

113
Q

When did York resign as protector?

A

9th Feb 1455

114
Q

What happened in April 1455?

A

York leaves the court without permission

115
Q

What does this exit from court leave to?

A

St Albans

116
Q

Who else was killed at St Albans?

A

Northumberland

117
Q

When does York begin his second protectorate?

A

November 1455

118
Q

What was the main gain from the protectorate?

A

Elevation of Warwick

119
Q

When does York resign again?

A

Feb 1456 following the failure of the Act of Resumption

120
Q

What doe Margaret and Buckingham do in 1459?

A

Convinces Henry that York is trying to seize the throne

121
Q

Where does the Great Council meet in June?

A

Coventry - only Lancastrians present

122
Q

What happens at the Council?

A

Yorkist leaders accused of treason and Buckingham raises an army to defeat them

123
Q

Where was there a confrontation?

A

Blore Heath - Audley (Lanc) killed

124
Q

Who goes to Calais?

A

Salisbury, Warwick and Edward

125
Q

What does York do in 1960?

A

Negotiated with Anglo-Irish political leaders and granted them considerable levels of recognition and autonomy at the Drogheda parliament

126
Q

What did York gain?

A

Archers and other resources

127
Q

Who aided with the invasion?

A

Calais Garrison

128
Q

How did Warwick raise money?

A

Piracy

129
Q

When was Northampton?

A

July 1460

130
Q

Who was killed?

A

Buckingham

131
Q

Where did Margaret and Ed escape to?

A

North

132
Q

When was the Act of Accord?

A

1460

133
Q

What was the Act of Accord?

A

Made Henry VI king for life but disinherited Edward - York was heir.

134
Q

When does York die?

A

Wakefield - December with Edmund

135
Q

How much was Margaret limited to?

A

10,000 marks a year

136
Q

Who was made Constable of Camarthen in 1457?

A

Jasper Tudor - had been York’s

137
Q

Who lead the Lancastrians at Wakefield?

A

Somerset, Northumberland, Exeter and Clifford

138
Q

When was Mortimer’s Cross?

A

2nd Feb 1461

139
Q

What happened at Mortimers cross?

A

Edward’s army clashes with Jasper and Owen Tudor near Wigmore Castle in the Welsh marches

140
Q

What did Edward see as a divine sign?

A

A parhelion

141
Q

What happened at the end of Mortimer’s Cross?

A

Jasper escape, Owen and 8 other Lancastrians are captured and executed

142
Q

What happened to Owen Tudor’s head?

A

Displayed on the Market Cross in Hereford

143
Q

When was the Second Battle of St Albans?

A

17th February 1461

144
Q

Who was on the Lancastrian side?

A

Margaret, Somerset, Exeter, Northumberland and Shrewsbury - going to London

145
Q

Who accompanied Warwick?

A

Norfolk, Suffolk, Arundel and Bonville

146
Q

What was the result of St Albans v 2?

A

Yorkists fled

147
Q

Where was Henry found?

A

Under a tree - singing and lauging

148
Q

When was Edward welcomed into London?

A

Feb - March 1461

149
Q

Who did London side with?

A

Yorkists

150
Q

Where did Edward and Warwick reunite?

A

Cotswolds - Ed decided to claim the crown

151
Q

What happened on the 26th Feb?

A

Edward goes to London to claim the crown

152
Q

What happens on 3rd March?

A

Ed holds a council meeting where a small number of lords and bishops agreed to his claim

153
Q

When was Ed installed as king?

A

4th March at Westminster

154
Q

When was the Battle of Townton?

A

29th March 1461

155
Q

How many men were there?

A

80,000

156
Q

What was the weather?

A

Snowing

157
Q

Where were the yorkists?

A

Down the kill

158
Q

Where was the wind coming from?

A

Behind the Yorkists - better range for the arrows

159
Q

How long was the battle?

A

All day

160
Q

When did the prospect of the battle change?

A

Arrival of Norfolk

161
Q

Where did the Lancastrians get pushed?

A

Bloody Meadow and Cock Beck

162
Q

How many Lancastrians died?

A

20,000

163
Q

When was Ed crowned?

A

28th June

164
Q

what happened in November 1461?

A

Act of Parliament putting forward legal case but only justifying what was already fact.

165
Q

How many men were at Townton?

A

1/10 English men aged between 16 and 60 there

166
Q

Who commanded the archers?

A

William Nevill

167
Q

Who supported Henry?

A

Exeter, Somerset, Northumberland, Devon and Wiltshire

Edexcel History: Lancastrians, Yorkists and Henry VII (7 decks)

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