Henry VI Flashcards
1
Q
When was Cade’s rebellion?
A
May - June 1450
2
Q
What was Cade’s rebellion?
A
Popular and widespread rebellion against Henry VI’s government
3
Q
Who lead Cade’s rebellion?
A
Jack Cade
4
Q
What Alias did Cade use?
A
John Mortimer - chosen to give impression that he was connected to the DoY
5
Q
What did the rebels wish for?
A
Richard DoY to be acknowledged as heir
6
Q
Where did the revolt start?
A
Kent
7
Q
What did the revolt result from?
A
Local grievances against Lord Saye and William Crowmer
8
Q
Who was Crowmer?
A
Sheriff known for his corruption
9
Q
Who was Saye?
A
King’s treasurer - had a reputation for violence and avarice
10
Q
What was the trigger for the revolt?
A
Murder of Suffolk - washes up on the shores of Kent
11
Q
What were the rumours in relation to the death of Suffolk?
A
Saye and Crowmer threatened widespread destruction in the region for revenge
12
Q
What was the rebellion indicative of?
A
Poor level of law and order maintained in the area
13
Q
What was the widespread assumption?
A
Powerful supporters of Suffolk habitually acted outside the law without redress from the king.
14
Q
Where did the uprisings take place?
A
Kent, Surrey, Sussex, Middlesex and Essex - others in the Midlands, South and West
15
Q
What happened on the 29th June?
A
Salisbury killed in the church by a mob
16
Q
What was a main motivation for the revolt?
A
Complaints regarding high taxation to fund the unsuccessful war in France - loss of Normandy
17
Q
Who was mainly blamed for the Loss of France?
A
Somerset - believed to have taken advantage of the weak king
18
Q
Who were members of the revolt at the start?
A
Craftsmen, peasants and lesser gentry - prominent and respectable figures in local village life.
19
Q
When did the mob march to London and set up at Blackheath?
A
11th June
20
Q
What did Henry do?
A
Sent Stafford and Kemp to calm the situation - rejected by Cade
21
Q
When did Henry send troops to the camp?
A
13th June
22
Q
What happened at Sevenoaks?
A
Rebels ambushed a group of the king’s men - killing Humphrey Stafford and William Stafford.
23
Q
What happened in the royal army?
A
Mutiny in the ranks - king’s former soldiers rampaging around London - attempt to appease them by ordering the arrest of Saye and placing him in the tower.
24
Q
When did Henry flee to Kenilworth?
A
25th June
25
How did Henry placate the rebels?
Execution of Saye
26
How many men were a part of the rebellion?
46,000
27
Who joined Cade's army?
Retainers of the king and nobles who decided to betray their masters
28
Who defeated the rebels?
Londoners
29
What does Margaret do?
Takes control in London
30
What was their first grievance?
Richard has been excluded from those who were closely advising the king. Duke of Exeter, duke of Buckingham and Norfolk to form part of Henry's council - good advice.
31
What was their second grievance?
Dudley, Saye and Salisbury - notable they were involved the negotiation of Tours - anger concerning loss of France.
32
What was their third grievance?
Access to the king for petitioning and justice - currently elitist.
33
What was their fourth grievance?
Bankrupt country.
34
What was their fifth grievance?
Breakdown of respect for the law among the nobility - tyrannical and unlawful decisions - rebels concerned about lands being seized.
35
What was their sixth grievance?
Misgovernment and corruption among law enforcement.
36
What was their seventh grievance?
Need for law and order to be restored - courts needed to be fair.
37
What was the aftermath of the revolt?
Clemency with rebels - pockets of resistance continued, firmer line was taken in 1451 - Cade wounded and died - boiled his skull and it was displayed.
38
What is a possible significance of Cade's rebellion?
Reason York came home
39
What happened in 1450?
Act of Resumption - allowed to recover lands granted to favourites - major humiliations - appease public opinion - can’t be seen as only down to Cade - had been petitions for it beforehand.
40
What did Henry VI inherit?
Titles of English and french Throwns
41
What did both countries need?
Government by separate councils of nobles
42
When was he deemed an adult?
14 or 15
43
When was Henry's adult reign dated?
1437
44
What was unclear following his ascesion?
Whether he took over genuine control
45
What was he?
Inept - militarily, physically and feeble
46
What was a criticism of Henry?
He was poorly dressed and appeared to take little interest in the normal noble pursuits of the day
47
What did his lack of opulence suggest?
Bad royal finances
48
What was he seen as?
Too pious - spent a lot of time praying
49
What lead to Henry's poor finances?
The mess his father left him
50
What was Margaret described as?
Ferocious and vengeful
51
What was the controversy about over her marriage?
Gave away Anjou and Maine
52
Where were there significant defeats in France?
1444
53
Who was at the head of the French Campaign?
Somerset and Suffolk
54
What did Suffolk arrange?
Two year truce at Tours
55
Who favoured continued military action?
Gloucester
56
What was another issue with their marriage?
No dowry - English had to pay for the wedding and pay money to the French
57
What was the issue with her being French and a woman?
Misogyny and Xenophonia
58
What did the Lancastrians become notoroious for?
Rape and looting in towns - from Lack of control from Margaret
59
When was the Parliament of Devils and Act of Attainder?
1459
60
Why was Gloucester killed?
Spoke out against the king
61
What was York?
Heir apparent until the birth of Edward
62
Who did Margaret support?
Somerset and Suffolk
63
When was Edward born?
1453
64
When was Henry catatonic?
1453
65
Who became protector in 1453?
Duke of York
66
What happened to Somerset during the protectorate?
Thrown in prison
67
When was the Battle of St Albans?
1455 May
68
Who was killed at St Albans?
Somerset
69
What happened to Henry at St Albans?
Captured by the Yorkists
70
Who was made Captain of Calais?
Warwick
71
When was York made protector again?
November 1455
72
Why did York struggle in his second protectorate?
Failed to consolidate position and couldn't get rid of the Lancastrian influence
73
When was Loveday?
1458 - well done Henry
74
When was Ludford Bridge?
October 1459
75
What happened at Ludford Bridge?
York and allies flee and go into exile
76
Where does York flee to?
Ireland
77
Why was the Parliament of devils a bad idea?
Invigorate York to fight
78
What Battle occurs after the act of attainder?
Northampton
79
What does York do that was silly?
Places his hand on the throne
80
Who was the Duke of Suffolk?
Leading adviser to the King in the late 1430s
81
Why was he mainly unpopular?
Negotiated Tours in 1444
82
What did Somerset do in 1449?
Advocated for the English attack on Fougeres - triggered the retaliatory attack on Normandy - lead to loss of Normandy
83
How much money was owed by the crown?
£370,000
84
Who was the crown most in debt to?
York
85
Where was Suffolk killed?
On a boat
86
What was Suffolk?
OVERMIGHTY SUBJECT
87
When did England lose areas of Gascony?
1451-52
88
When did the English lose the War?
July 1453
89
Where did France take back?
Bordeaux
90
Where did England keep?
Calais
91
How long was Henry catatonic?
17 months
92
When was the meeting of the great council?
November 1453
93
What happened at the Great Council?
Norfolk accuses Somerset of treason on the grounds of the poor military leadership during the HYW
94
Who wanted to be regent?
Margaret - wanted to exclude York from conideration
95
Why was Margaret ignored?
York's seniority and wealth
96
When does York become protector?
March 1454
97
What was there debate over?
Whether York was aiming to seize the crown or whether the ambition grew as the political situation deteriorated
98
What did the protectorate allow York to do?
Prove himself as a viable alternative
99
What qualities did York display?
Statesman like quality
100
What did York do?
Declared his loyalty to Edward
101
What kind of advisors did York have?
Range of opinions
102
What was the downfall of his Protectorate?
Not trusted by the whole nobility - unease about supporting York to take crucial decisions in the absence of an effective king.
103
Who backed York?
Neville
104
Why did the Nevilles switch allegiance?
1453 - land disputes with Somerset over Glamorgan
105
Who was made chanceloor?
Richard Neville, earl of Salisbury
106
What happened in May 1454?
York had to prevent a rebellion from the Percies - backing Henry Holland (Exeter) and Lord Egremont
107
Where did the rebels gain support?
Yorkshire, Lancashire and Cheshire
108
Who backed York's military force?
Lord Cromwell
109
What happened in July 1454?
Exeter caputred and imprisoned at Pontefract - recurrence of Neville-Percy violence in autumn - Stamford bIRDGE
110
Who was made Lord Treasurer?
Tiptoft
111
What positions did York give himself?
Captain of Calais and Lord Lieutenant of Ireland
112
Who received land?
Queen, Stafford, Edmund and Jasper Tudor
113
When did York resign as protector?
9th Feb 1455
114
What happened in April 1455?
York leaves the court without permission
115
What does this exit from court leave to?
St Albans
116
Who else was killed at St Albans?
Northumberland
117
When does York begin his second protectorate?
November 1455
118
What was the main gain from the protectorate?
Elevation of Warwick
119
When does York resign again?
Feb 1456 following the failure of the Act of Resumption
120
What doe Margaret and Buckingham do in 1459?
Convinces Henry that York is trying to seize the throne
121
Where does the Great Council meet in June?
Coventry - only Lancastrians present
122
What happens at the Council?
Yorkist leaders accused of treason and Buckingham raises an army to defeat them
123
Where was there a confrontation?
Blore Heath - Audley (Lanc) killed
124
Who goes to Calais?
Salisbury, Warwick and Edward
125
What does York do in 1960?
Negotiated with Anglo-Irish political leaders and granted them considerable levels of recognition and autonomy at the Drogheda parliament
126
What did York gain?
Archers and other resources
127
Who aided with the invasion?
Calais Garrison
128
How did Warwick raise money?
Piracy
129
When was Northampton?
July 1460
130
Who was killed?
Buckingham
131
Where did Margaret and Ed escape to?
North
132
When was the Act of Accord?
1460
133
What was the Act of Accord?
Made Henry VI king for life but disinherited Edward - York was heir.
134
When does York die?
Wakefield - December with Edmund
135
How much was Margaret limited to?
10,000 marks a year
136
Who was made Constable of Camarthen in 1457?
Jasper Tudor - had been York's
137
Who lead the Lancastrians at Wakefield?
Somerset, Northumberland, Exeter and Clifford
138
When was Mortimer's Cross?
2nd Feb 1461
139
What happened at Mortimers cross?
Edward's army clashes with Jasper and Owen Tudor near Wigmore Castle in the Welsh marches
140
What did Edward see as a divine sign?
A parhelion
141
What happened at the end of Mortimer's Cross?
Jasper escape, Owen and 8 other Lancastrians are captured and executed
142
What happened to Owen Tudor's head?
Displayed on the Market Cross in Hereford
143
When was the Second Battle of St Albans?
17th February 1461
144
Who was on the Lancastrian side?
Margaret, Somerset, Exeter, Northumberland and Shrewsbury - going to London
145
Who accompanied Warwick?
Norfolk, Suffolk, Arundel and Bonville
146
What was the result of St Albans v 2?
Yorkists fled
147
Where was Henry found?
Under a tree - singing and lauging
148
When was Edward welcomed into London?
Feb - March 1461
149
Who did London side with?
Yorkists
150
Where did Edward and Warwick reunite?
Cotswolds - Ed decided to claim the crown
151
What happened on the 26th Feb?
Edward goes to London to claim the crown
152
What happens on 3rd March?
Ed holds a council meeting where a small number of lords and bishops agreed to his claim
153
When was Ed installed as king?
4th March at Westminster
154
When was the Battle of Townton?
29th March 1461
155
How many men were there?
80,000
156
What was the weather?
Snowing
157
Where were the yorkists?
Down the kill
158
Where was the wind coming from?
Behind the Yorkists - better range for the arrows
159
How long was the battle?
All day
160
When did the prospect of the battle change?
Arrival of Norfolk
161
Where did the Lancastrians get pushed?
Bloody Meadow and Cock Beck
162
How many Lancastrians died?
20,000
163
When was Ed crowned?
28th June
164
what happened in November 1461?
Act of Parliament putting forward legal case but only justifying what was already fact.
165
How many men were at Townton?
1/10 English men aged between 16 and 60 there
166
Who commanded the archers?
William Nevill
167
Who supported Henry?
Exeter, Somerset, Northumberland, Devon and Wiltshire
