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Edexcel History: Lancastrians, Yorkists and Henry VII > Changing Relationships between the crown and nobility > Flashcards

Changing Relationships between the crown and nobility Flashcards

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1
Q

What was the role of the medieval monarch?

A

Maintain inward and outward peace - foreign policy and justice

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2
Q

How did a king demonstrate their authority?

A

Military ability - leading an army either in England or in foreign ventures
Assert position as a judge - head of the legal system

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3
Q

What is key in terms of kingship?

A

Personality

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4
Q

Who was a bad king in terms of personality?

A

Henry VI - delegated posts and authority to noblemen didn’t do much

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5
Q

What is the Exchequer?

A

Dealt with royal finance and headed by the treasurer - collection of revenues - taxes.

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6
Q

What is the Chancery?

A

Legal section - clerks wrote up legal documents - royal charters.

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7
Q

What is the Great Seal?

A

Required to authenticate documents

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8
Q

Who was the head of the Chancery?

A

Chancellor and for most of the period - held by a bishop - importance of the church in government.

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9
Q

What is the Office of the Privy Seal?

A

Developed in the early 14th century - reflected the growing bureaucratisation of the Chancery - now held the Great Seal almost permanently

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10
Q

What was the key official in the Office of the Privy Seal?

A

Keeper of the Privy Seal and throughout the late medieval period this role was held by a senior clergyman - canon, dean or bishop

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11
Q

Where was the Office of the Privy Seal based?

A

London but tended to travel with the king

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12
Q

What did the King’s Chamber originally refer to?

A

King’s private rooms

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13
Q

Who headed the King’s Chamber?

A

Chamberlain - considerable control over who could see the king and how royal finances were spent.

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14
Q

What was the Great Council?

A

Made up of any of the lords who served in parliament and who were available at the time - often a large body

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15
Q

How many Lords would be in the Great Council?

A

Upwards of 125

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16
Q

What was the advantage of the Great Council?

A

Called at shorter notice with less formality - speedy to deal with emergencies

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17
Q

What was the disadvantage of the Great Council?

A

Record keeping less complete - patchy sources - king usually had a greater influence over individuals who could be called to these meetings

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18
Q

Why was the Great Council usually called?

A

War or key government decisions

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19
Q

What was the Continual Council?

A

Smaller group of closest advisers - dealt with everyday governance

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20
Q

When did the Continual Council become more formalised?

A

1377 - fixed post of Clerk was established

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21
Q

What was a key role of the main offices of state?

A

Advising the King - considered crucial that the king listen to a wide set of views

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22
Q

What would make a king less popular?

A

If he played favourites with higher lords

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23
Q

What happened in 1405?

A

Henry IV was criticised of playing favourites and he was pressured into removing knights and esquires from the council

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24
Q

Who sought advice of lesser men?

A

Edward III

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25
Q

Who dominated Henry VI?

A

Suffolk and Somerset

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26
Q

What is another role of the offices of state?

A

Communicating the King’s will to the regions - via royal proclamations - legally binding through messengers

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27
Q

Who enforced laws?

A

Lords and lesser landowners - gentry

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28
Q

Who acted as law enforcement?

A

Lords and Gentry - sheriffs or Justices of the Peace

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29
Q

What can the king call?

A

Parliament - summonses sent around the country for attendance

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30
Q

Who decided if the King could raise taxes?

A

Lords and the parliament

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31
Q

What was the only acceptable to raise tax?

A

Defense

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32
Q

Who were regular clergy?

A

Monks, nun, friars - the religious - lifelong vows of chastity, poverty and obedience - religious order

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33
Q

What was the secular clergy?

A

Priests and deacons - lived in parishes - cathedral chapters - mixing with the population more freely.

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34
Q

What could clergy claim?

A

Tax exemptions on income - caused friction between the crown and church

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35
Q

What did the clergy run?

A

Their own law courts and had legal privilege

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36
Q

What was legal privilege for the clergy?

A

Request trial in church not in court. Subjected to abuse - no death penalty - avoid extreme penalty of the law.

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37
Q

What were all churches?

A

Roman Catholic - first allegiance to the pope not the king

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38
Q

What was the benefits of papal approval?

A

1985 - Henry Tudor - assisted by Pope Clement VII - in the eyes of god, Henry was the rightful king

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39
Q

What was papal dispensation?

A

Giving permission to marry your cousin

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40
Q

Who tended to seek high ranking church positions?

A

Those seeking a public career - gentry

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41
Q

Example of gentry using the clergy to get public career?

A

William Wykeham - Bishop of Winchester and then Chancellor

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42
Q

Who advanced their career through the church?

A

John Morton - became a canon lawyer and then moved into royal service - Chancellor following Bosworth and made Archbishop of Canterbury

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43
Q

Who was put in the church to develop their careers?

A

Henry Beaufort and Thomas Bourchier

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44
Q

What are overmighty subjects?

A

Potential rivals to the king who acted as a key prop to the power of the crown

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45
Q

When are overmighty subjects an issue?

A

When there is an under-mighty king

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46
Q

What was the impact of the usurpation of Richard II?

A

Undermine future kings’ claims to the throne for three generations.

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47
Q

When was the Southampton plot?

A

1415

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48
Q

What was Henry IV successful in doing?

A

Leaving a relatively secure throne for Henry V

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49
Q

What happened in the first two years of Henry V’s reign?

A

Resurgence of Anti-Lancastrian sentiment

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50
Q

What was the aim of the Southhampton plot?

A

Aimed to kill Henry and replace him with Edmund Mortimer, Earl of March

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51
Q

Who was at the head of the Southampton Plot?

A

Richard Conisburg - Earl of Cambridge - Henry Scrope, Baron of Masham - and Sir Thomas Grey

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52
Q

Who else was dissatisfied with the Lancastrian regime?

A

Scottish and Welsh rebels, earl of Northumberland and Lollards

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53
Q

Who supported the regime?

A

French

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54
Q

Who betrayed the rebellion and why?

A

Mortimer - they didn’t tell Henry - offered a pardon by Henry

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55
Q

Who was the most dangerous threat to Henry VII’s throne?

A

Edward Earl of Warwick - he was thrown into the tower of London to stop any issues

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56
Q

When was the Lambert Simnel Conspiracy?

A

1486

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57
Q

Who manipulated Simnel?

A

Richard Symonds

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58
Q

Why did the Irish support Simnel?

A

EoW - grandson to RDoY - popular in Ireland since his lieutenancy in 1447.

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59
Q

Who wanted to cause difficulties for the new king?

A

Walter Fitzsimmons - Archbishop of Dublin and the earl of Kildare

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60
Q

Who else supported the rebellion?

A

Margaret of Burgundy - sent 2000 men

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61
Q

When was Simnel crown king in Dublin?

A

1487

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62
Q

Who was arrested?

A

Anyone with Yorkist cvonnections

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63
Q

Who was arrested specifically?

A

Elizabeth Woodville and the Marquis of Dorset

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64
Q

What did Henry VII do?

A

Parade the real EoW

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65
Q

When was the Battle of Stoke?

A

1487

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66
Q

What happened at Stoke?

A

Leaders killed - Simnel pardoned - worked in the palace kitchens - highlighted the fragility of the Tudor claim and indicated early unease.

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67
Q

Who did Perkin Warbeck pretend to be?

A

Richard of Shrewsbury

68
Q

Who supported Warbeck?

A

Yorkists, French and Margaret - also Scots

69
Q

Who did Perkin Warbeck marry?

A

Catherine Gordon - cousin of James IV of Scotland

70
Q

How many times did Warbeck try to invade?

A

3 times

71
Q

Where and when did Warbeck manage to raise a rebel army?

A

1497 in Exeter

72
Q

When did he turn himself in?

A

August 1497 - did try to escape and was plotting with Ed

73
Q

When was Warbeck and Ed killed?

A

November 1499

74
Q

What was the expectation of Lords in traditional feudalism?

A

Provide to vassals not only with the use of the fief but also protection.

75
Q

What is a fief?

A

Land granted to the vassal

76
Q

What was traditional feudal relations based on?

A

Hereditary

77
Q

When were anti-retaining statutes passed?

A

1468 and 1504

78
Q

Who coined the term bastard feudalism?

A

McFarlane and Plummer

79
Q

Why was traditional feudalism problematic?

A

Estates divided through inheritance and marriage, lords did not always have property to provide numerous vassals with land and feudal holdings descended through the vassal’s family line

80
Q

What did Lords start doing?

A

Money - cash payments in return for military and non-military service

81
Q

What is a retainer?

A

Men who served the Lord - made up a retinue or affinity

82
Q

What is a livery?

A

Distinctive badge or item of clothing - advertise their link to a lord

83
Q

What did bastard feudalism focus on?

A

Personal relationship between a man and his Lord - sometimes a written contract = indenture

84
Q

What was the advantage for Lords?

A

easier to stop paying a disobedient retainer than to confiscate land - gave lord and retainer more control over whom they chose to bind themselves to

85
Q

Why should the flexibility of bastard feudalism not be overstated?

A

Men in a retinue had to have someone act as their protector

86
Q

What lead to overmighty subjects?

A

Liveries and retaining - basically private armies

87
Q

What were retinues needed for?

A

Provide the necessary number of armed men for the king’s wars

88
Q

What did Ed IV do in1468?

A

Outlawed the practice of retaining except for legal advisers, domestic servants, estate officials and those in lawful service

89
Q

What happened in 1504?

A

Lords receive written permission in the form of a licence from the king to retain men and provide a list of retainers for his approval - disobedience was liable to be fined - enormous sums were levied on those who retained men illegally - loyal associate - Thomas Lovell - could develop extensive affinities.

90
Q

Where were the Nevilles and the Percies?

A

Yorkshire, Lake District and Northern countries

91
Q

When did the Nevilles and the Percies gain prominence?

A

14th Century

92
Q

Who was Hotspur?

A

Henry Percy - Earl of Northumberland

93
Q

How did the Nevilles gain power and prestige?

A

Involvement in wars against the Scots

94
Q

What did Richard Neville become by the 15th Century?

A

Earl of Salisbury

95
Q

What meant that the Nevilles and Percies would inevitably be rivals?

A

Close estates

96
Q

How were the Percies set back?

A

1403 - Hotspur leads a rebellion against Henry IV and dies

97
Q

What happened following the Battle of Shrewsbury?

A

Precise had to forfeit estates to the crown

98
Q

How did the Percies get the lost land back?

A

1416-1440 - Hotspur’s grandson managed patient negotiations

99
Q

What was Richard’s position in court?

A

Member of the King’s council and important

100
Q

What was the Earl of Warwick called?

A

Kingmaker

101
Q

How did the Earl of Warwick get his title?

A

Inherited through his marriage to Anne Beauchamp

102
Q

What increased Percy resentment towards the Nevilles?

A

The growing ascendancy of the Nevilles

103
Q

Who was a key Percy?

A

Lord Egremont

104
Q

What was the main trigger of conflict in 1453 and 1454?

A

Marriage of Thomas Neville to Maud Stanhope

105
Q

Why was this marriage an issue?

A

Maud was the niece and co-heiress of Lord Cromwell who inherited two former Percy manors or Wressle and Burwell

106
Q

Who was actively hostile in June and July 1953?

A

Egremont and John Neville

107
Q

What did Henry VI try to do?

A

Summon them repeatedly - weak and ineffective solution - they just ignored him

108
Q

What happened in Summer in 1453?

A

Henry goes Catatonic

109
Q

When was the Stanhope marriage?

A

24th August 1453

110
Q

What happened at the wedding?

A

Nevilles returning from the wedding party - ambushed by the Percies - attempted to assassinate Salisbury and the newly weds

111
Q

How many Percy retainers were named?

A

710

112
Q

Who do the Nevilles support?

A

Richard Duke of York - marriage to Cecily

113
Q

What happened in Early 1454?

A

Tension local and national = high - Jan - leading noble opponents arrived in London for parliament - armed - significant and threatening show of strength

114
Q

Who was made chancellor?

A

Richard Salisbury

115
Q

Who else tried to gain support for an armed rebellion?

A

Egremont and Exeter

116
Q

When was Love Day?

A

1458

117
Q

Where were the Bonvilles and Courteneys?

A

South West

118
Q

Who was the prominent member of the Courtnays?

A

Earl of Devon

119
Q

Who was traditionally dominant in the Bonville v Courtenay feud?

A

Courtenays

120
Q

Who were the Bonvilles?

A

Lords of Harrington

121
Q

When did the Harrington tides change?

A

15th century

122
Q

What happened to the earls of Devon?

A

Amongst the poorest families of their rank by 1430

123
Q

What happened in 1437?

A

King appointed Boville as Royal Steward in Cornwall for life

124
Q

What did Courtenary see this appointment as?

A

Serious threat to regional authority.

125
Q

What happened in the late 1430s and early 1440s?

A

Bonville increased influence at court and supported the duke of Suffolk and Margaret in politics

126
Q

What happened in 1449?

A

Alliance succeeded in gaining Bonville his elevation to peerage - Baron Bonville of Chewton

127
Q

What was Courtenay’s response to this elevation?

A

Rallying with the rival faction - led by York

128
Q

What did Devon do in the Summer of 1451?

A

Placed Taunton under siege - only stopped by York’s intervention

129
Q

When and where did Bonville exercise dominance?

A

1452-55 in West Country - had the full support of Henry - stayed with them in 1452

130
Q

What cemented the Bonville support of York?

A

1455 - marriage of Katherine Neville to Bonville’s grandson

131
Q

What happened on the 23 October 1455

A

Murder of Nicholas Radford - lawyer.

132
Q

What happens in 1458?

A

Courtenay find favour with the queen - pushed Bonvilles further to York

133
Q

What happens in 1460?

A

Both William Bonville’s son and grandson fight at Wakefield and die.

134
Q

What battle occurs in 1461?

A

Second Battle of St Albans

135
Q

Who were the Pastons?

A

Upwardly mobile gentry family in Norfolk - considerable significance - letters.

136
Q

Who was John Paston?

A

Lawyer who made a advantageous marriage to Margaret Mauteby - became a confidante and legal adviser to local Knight - John Fastolf

137
Q

What happened when the knight died?

A

John claimed to be the main beneficiary thanks to a nuncupative will - said then written later.

138
Q

Who opposed the inheritance?

A

Howes and Yelverton - dispute descended into violence - got out of hand cause of Edward usurping.

139
Q

Who had territorial interests in the estates?

A

Mowbrays and the de la Poles

140
Q

What did the Mowbrays and de la Poles use to their advantage?

A

The crown’s weakness and the upheaval as an opportunity to further their own claims.

141
Q

What castle did Norfolk seize in 1461?

A

Caister Castle

142
Q

What did Suffolk do in 1465?

A

Laid claim to two disputed Norfolk manors of Hellesdon and Drayton - men attack and rob the properties - considerable damage.

143
Q

Where did Paston end up?

A

Fleet Prison in London

144
Q

Who did Paston ally with?

A

Yorkists - didn’t prevent Lord Scales claiming his property in the king’s name in Jan 1466

145
Q

Who was John II?

A

In the King’s household and well connected

146
Q

What happened in 1468?

A

Yelverton and Howes sold their rights to Norfolk - took advantage of the northern crisis and besieged Caister for five weeks - forcing the defenders to surrender.

147
Q

What happens in 1470 June?

A

Meeting between Warwick and Margaret, brokered by Louis XI of France, and agreement that Prince Edward would marry Anne Neville in return for Warwick fighting to reclaim Henry’s throne, and the English would enter into an alliance with France against Burgundy.

148
Q

What happened in September 1470?

A

Warwick, Clarence, Jasper Tudor and the Earl of Oxford sailed from Normandy and landed in Devon. They then marched to Coventry, raising an army in the king’s name, and were joined by earl of Shrewsbury, Lord Stanley and John Neville (Montague)

149
Q

What happens to Edward?

A

Edward, trapped between his opponents, fled England for Burgundy; the Queen went into sanctuary, where her son, Edward, was born in November

150
Q

What happens in October 1470?

A

Henry taken from the Tower and returned to the throne, after being being ‘re-crowned’ publicly in Westminster Abbey – the readeption

151
Q

How much help does Edward get from Charles the Bold?

A

£50,000

152
Q

What happens March 1471?

A

Edward set sail and landed at Ravenspur. He swiftly gained entry into York, Tadcaster, Wakefield,
Doncaster, Nottingham, Leicester, Coventry.

153
Q

What happens April 1471?

A

Edward headed south and Clarence switched sides to join him at Banbury.

154
Q

Where does Edward head?

A

ondon (the Londoners decided to support him); he entered the city triumphantly and sent Henry VI to the Tower.

155
Q

When was the Battle of Barnet?

A

1471 Easter Sunday

156
Q

What is the result of the Battle of Barnet?

A

Edward triumphant; Warwick and John Neville killed

157
Q

Where do Margaret and Edward go in April 1471?

A

Weymouth and head for Wales

158
Q

When was the Battle of Tewkesbury?

A

May 1471

159
Q

What was the result of the Battle of Tewkesbury?

A

Edward triumphant; Prince Edward killed, Somerset pulled from sanctuary and executed; Margaret taken prisoner a few days later

160
Q

When is Henry VI killed?

A

21 May 1471

161
Q

What did Ed create?

A

Local and regional councils

162
Q

Where was the most significant council?

A

Council of the North - based in Sheriff Hutton and later in York

163
Q

What did the Council of the North do?

A

Established to co-ordinate protection for the area from the Scottish threat. Northern counties noted for their lawlessness.

164
Q

Who lead the council of the North?

A

Gloucester

165
Q

What did the Welsh council do?

A

Needed to ensure strong, loyal local leadership - prone to rebellion - Lancastrian stronghold - principality of Wales as well as the marcher lordship - counties on the modern Anglo-Welsh border

166
Q

Who ruled the Welsh Council?

A

The king’s eldest son - infant son - ruled by noblemen. Edward Prince of Wales and earl of Chester in June 1471.

Edexcel History: Lancastrians, Yorkists and Henry VII (7 decks)

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