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AET 261 flashcard > hemorrhaging and soft tissue injuries > Flashcards

hemorrhaging and soft tissue injuries Flashcards

1
Q

what is the function of blood?

A
  • transport O2, nutrients, waste products
  • protection against disease (WBC)
  • maintain body tempeture.
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2
Q

what are the 3 external bleeds?

A
  • arterial
  • venous
  • capillary
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3
Q

what are arterial bleeds?

A
  • life threatening bleeds.
  • involved with a deep cut
  • bright red in colour
  • spurts with each heart beat, and are high pressure.
  • quick and severe blood loss.
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4
Q

what are venous bleeds?

A
  • most common
  • dark red in colour
  • steady flow, less pressure.
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5
Q

what are capillary bleeds?

A
  • another post common
  • red in color.
  • oozes, low pressure.
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6
Q

what are the 4 phases of wound healing?

A
  1. exudative phase
    - wound is filled w/ fibrin and coagulated blood.
  2. resorptive phase
    - scavenger cells remove dead cells and germs
  3. proliferative phase.
    - new cells are formed
  4. repair phase
    - cells are formed around the edge of the wound and new skin is created.
    - wound finally closes.
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7
Q

what is a granulation wound?

A
  • wound that has a gap with no edges.
  • tissue grows from the inside of the wound to the surface.
  • slower healing process.
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8
Q

what are signs of local infection?

A
  • swelling & redness around the wound
  • warm to the touch
  • throbbing pain
  • pus discharge
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9
Q

what are s/s of systemic infection?

A
  • fever, nausea, fatigue
  • swollen lymph nodes
  • red streaks
  • life threatening
  • this is when a infection moves into the blood.
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10
Q

what is tetanus?

A
  • serious infection that is caused by bacteria clostridium tetanus. (soil, dust, animal faces, metal)
  • introduced into the body through a wound caused by a contaminated object.
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11
Q

s/s of tetanus?

A
  • difficulty swallowing
  • irritability
  • headache
  • fever
  • muscle spasms near affacted area
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12
Q

what is gangrene?

A
  • bacteria infection that thrives in the absence of O2 or loss of blood supply to area.
  • turns into flesh eating disease.
  • affected area starts to turn black
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13
Q

how do you care for an external bleed?

A
  • apply direct pressure on the wound.
  • compress the blood vessels
  • restrict blood flow
    (this allows for blood clotting)
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14
Q

what are the rules to fallow when using dressings and bandages for external bleeds?

A
  • patient is seated or in recumbent position
  • place direct pressure on the wound
  • apply sterile dressing. (at least 2x)
  • apply a bandage over the dressing to maintain direct pressure and to hold the dressing in place.
  • if blood soaks through, keep adding dressing and bandages.
  • apply tourniquet as a last resort.
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15
Q

what are 3 specific rules with dressing and bandages to fallow?

A
  • avoid covering fingers and toes, unless injured.
  • apply bandage distal to proximal
  • avoid using narrow bandages.
  • check PS
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16
Q

why do you use stitches?

A
  • helps speed up healing, and reduce scars.
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17
Q

what requires stitches?

A
  • a hemorrhaging wound
  • jagged edges
    • 2.5 cm (1”) long
  • cut to face or head
  • gapes widely, shows bone or muscle
  • on JT, hands or feet
  • large deep punctures.
  • human or animal bites.
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18
Q

when are tourniquets used?

A
  • when al other interventions are not working to stop a external bleed.
  • mass casualty where no available responders to control hemorrhaging.
  • unsafe enviorment and quick removal.
  • hemorrhaging from a wound that cannot be assessed.
  • this is a tight band that wraps around a limb that cuts off blood flow. (life over limb)
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19
Q

what are internal bleeds?

A
  • escape of blood from artery, veins or capillaries into spaces inside the body.
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20
Q

how do you determine if it is an internal bleed.

A
  • The MOI can help determine if an internal bleed is involved. if direct trauma occurs then internal bleeds could be possible.
  • major fractures to pelvis, femur, ribs.
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21
Q

s/s of internal bleed?

A
  • discolouration of the skin
  • cool, moist, pale, or blue skin
  • excessive thirst
  • rapid, weak pulse
  • tachypnea
  • nausea or vomitting
  • decrease LOR
  • decrease BP
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22
Q

how do you care for a internal bleed?

A
  • minimize movement of injured person
  • keep person calm
  • monitor ABC and vitals
  • administer O2
  • maintain normal body temp
  • call 911
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23
Q

what are 3 categories of closed wounds?

A
  • abscess
  • subungual hematoma
  • dermatitis
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24
Q

what is a closed wound?

A
  • a wound that occurs without breaking the skin
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25
Q

what is a abscess wound?

A
  • this is an area that is a collection of pus, normally in hair bearing areas.
  • they normally can resolve by themselves with little treatment cleaning with a sterile dressing and hot or warm compressions.
  • if they are popped they can spread and become infectious.
26
Q

what are subungal hematoma?

A
  • collection of fluid or blood between the nail bed and fingernail.
  • there is normally pressure and throbbing pain associated with this, it can be released by a nail drip piercing the nail to release pressure. (not our scope)
27
Q

what are dermatitis?

A
  • most common result from direct contact with a chemical irritant or allergy.
  • not contagious, but can spread if not treated.
28
Q

what are s/s of dermatitis?

A
  • redness, irritation, swelling.
  • itchiness or pain
  • thickening or cracking of epidermis
  • blisters
29
Q

what are open wounds?

A
  • any wound that breaks the skin
30
Q

what are the types of open wounds?

A
  • abrasion
  • laceration
  • puncture
  • avulsion
  • impaled objects
31
Q

what is an abrasion?

A
  • this is where the epidermis is scrapped away. (road rash, turf burn)
32
Q

what is a laceration?

A
  • normally is a cut from a sharp object.
  • may have smooth or jagged edges.
  • blunt force that splits the skin
    bleed freely and can hemorrhage
33
Q

what is an avulsion?

A
  • portion of the skin & soft tissue is partially or completely removed.
  • if this happens never remove the partial piece of skin, cover it up and bandage it. normally are arterial bleeds because of how deep they are.
34
Q

what is a puncture?

A
  • skin is pierced with a pointed object.
  • this object normally goes in and pierces the skin and then comes out.
  • high risk of infection.
  • most of the time there is no exit point.
35
Q

what is a impaled object?

A
  • object that caused the injury to remain within the wound.
  • use bulky dressing to stabilize the object.
36
Q

what is the difference between a small and large impaled object?

A

small
- slivers and and fish can be removed from the skin.

large
- large object should not be removed unless it is affecting the person breathing.

37
Q

what are the major soft tissue trauma injuries?

A
  • amputation
  • crush injuries
  • compartment syndrome
  • blast injuries
  • high pressure injection injuries
  • burns.
38
Q

how do you treat a closed wound?

A
  • soap and water
  • diret pressure
  • elevation
  • cold
  • possible medical attention
39
Q

how do you treat minor open wound?

A
  • wash wound with running water.
  • apply sterile dressing
  • apply direct pressure
  • once bleeding has stopped apply new clean dressing.
40
Q

how do you treat a major open wound?

A
  • DO NOT WASH
  • apply clean dressing and direct pressure
  • elevate
  • apply pressure and bandage
  • medical attention
  • tourniquet if appropiate
41
Q

how do you treat a impaled object?

A
  • DO NOT REMOVE OBJECT
  • use bulking dressing to stabilize
  • control bleeding
  • medical attention.
42
Q

how do you care for an amputation wound?

A
  • rinse with saline
  • wrap amputated part in non-adherent, sterile dressing.
  • keep amputated body part cool and in a plastic bag
  • RTD
43
Q

what is a crush injury?

A
  • a body part is trapped under a large heavy object.
44
Q

would or would you not remove a heavy object from being on top of someone?

A
  • you would not remove the object because by doing so, you allow the toxins that have built up in the body to be released into the body. this will cause harm to the individual.
45
Q

what is compartment syndrome?

A
  • pressure within muscle compartment that builds to dangerous levels, blocking circulation to cells.
  • creates pressure on capillaries & nerve
  • capillaries collapse if there is to much pressure.
46
Q

what are the 6 P’s of compartment syndrome?

A
  • pain (intensity)
  • pressure (tightness)
  • parenthesis (pins and needles)
  • paralysis (numbness)
  • pallor
  • pulselessness
47
Q

what are blast injuries?

A
  • injuries from heat and pressure waves from an explosion strike & pass through the body.
48
Q

3 MOI related to blasts?

A
  • blast itself
  • sharpnel from the blast
  • thrown by blast
49
Q

what is high pressure injections?

A
  • substance injected into the body under high pressure.
  • grease gun, pressure washer.
  • 2000 psi or more.
50
Q

when burns happen, what do they affect structurally?

A
  • epidermis first, then progression to the dermis, and underlying tissues.
51
Q

what are the 4 causes of burns?

A
  • thermal
  • chemical
  • electrical
  • radiation
52
Q

what are the discpritions of thermal, chemical, electrical, and radiation burns?

A

thermal
- exposure to heat

chemical
- exposure to caustic chemical

electrical
- exposure to powerful electrical current

radiation
- exposure to radiation

53
Q

3 burn classification?

A
  • superficial (epidermis)
  • partial thickness (epidermis + dermis)
  • full-thickness (epidermis, dermis, underlying structures)
54
Q
  1. what are superficial burns?
  2. s/s of superficial burns?
A
  1. only epidermis is damaged
  2. includes sunburns
  3. red
  4. dry
  5. painful skin
55
Q
  1. what are partial thickness burns?
  2. s/s
A
  1. epidermis + dermis damaged
  2. red
  3. swollen skin
  4. painful
  5. blisters
56
Q
  1. what is a full thickness burn?
  2. s/s
A
  1. epidermis, dermis, any underlying tissues can be damaged.
  2. charred skin, deep tissues appear white
  3. extremely painful or pain free.
57
Q

what burns require immediate care?

A
  • any full thickness burn
  • partial thickness burn, greater than 10%, or to child or older adult
  • Inhalation burns
  • chemical, explosive, electrical burns
  • lots of pain
58
Q

3 basic care steps for burns?

A
  • prevent addition damage to tissue
  • cover burned area w/ dry dressing
  • manage shock
59
Q

how do you care for chemical burns?

A
  • flush with large amounts of cool, running water for 20 minutes
  • brush off powders
  • remove contaminated clothing.
60
Q

how do you care for electrical burns?

A
  • turn off electrical current before approaching.
61
Q

what are the different type of dressing & bandages?

A
  • occlusive dressing
  • gauze
  • burn dressing
  • trauma dressing
  • abdominal dressing
  • pressure dressing
  • skin closure
  • small adhesive dressing
  • eye dressing
  • triangular bandage
  • elastic roller bandage
  • gauze roller bandage
62
Q

when would you use the fallowing dressings?

1 occlusive dressing
2 gauze
3 burn dressing
4 trauma dressing
5 abdominal dressing
6 pressure dressing
7 skin closure
8 small adhesive dressing
9 eye dressing
10 triangular bandage
11 elastic roller bandage
12 gauze roller bandage

A

1 covering intravenous site
2 open wound, non stick, commonly used for burns
3 burn care
4 large open wounds
5 abdominal wounds/ large wounds
6 hemorrhage control, on extremities
7 lacerations
8 small minor wounds
9 protecting injured eye from addition damage.
10 support injured extremities, securing splints
11 caring for sprains and stains
12 stabilize impaired objects

AET 261 flashcard (9 decks)

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