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Paramedic 2 > Hematology (Vol. 4 Chp. 9) > Flashcards

Hematology (Vol. 4 Chp. 9) Flashcards

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1
Q

Sickle Cell anemia is more common in what ethnic group and why?

A

African Americans, thought to be in response to malaria

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2
Q

What may hematologic disorders predispose patients to?

A

intolerance to exercise

hypoxia

acidosis

blood loss

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3
Q

What does the hematopoietic system consist of?

A

Blood (both cells and plasma)

Bone Marrow

Liver

Spleen

Kidneys

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4
Q

What is the process and the cell that most blood cells come from?

A

Blood cells are formed from pluripotent stem cells through a process called hematopoiesis

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5
Q

Define Hematology

A

The study of blood and blood forming organs

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6
Q

What two organs create erythropoietin and what purpose does erythropoietin serve?

A

Kidney and to the lesser extent the liver

Helps promote maturation of red blood cells

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7
Q

What two purposes does the liver serve in the hematopoietic system?

A

Removes toxins from blood

Produces clotting factors and proteins found in the plasma

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8
Q

What is the blood volume percentage compared to total body weight?

A

6%

Approximately 80 - 85 ml blood per kg

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9
Q

Approximately how much blood can the body handle losing without complications?

A

0.5 L

25 - 30% blood volume

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10
Q

What is plasma and what is it made up of?

A

Plasma: thick pale-yellow fluid which is 90-92% water; 6-7% proteins and carbohydrates, chemical messengers electrolytes and fats make up the last 2-3%

Plasma transports the cellular components of blood and dissolved nutrients throughout the body

Also transports waste

Clots blood

Dismantles clots

Buffers the bloods acid-base balance

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11
Q

Electrolytes found in plasma are essential to what functions?

A

nerve conduction

muscle contraction

water balance

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12
Q

What is the primary role of blood in the body?

A

Transport blood from the lungs to the tissues of the rest of the body.

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13
Q

At rest, the body consumes about ____ ml oxygen per kilogram of body weight every ______

A

4; minute

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14
Q

What is the normal range for SPO2?

A

95 - 100%

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15
Q

As pH levels lower, what occurs with hemoglobin?

A

hemoglobin will more readily release oxygen

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16
Q

What is the Bohr effect?

A

waste CO2 from tissues diffuses into blood, causing hemoglobin to give up more oxygen to tissues

17
Q

Except hemoglobin, what is the most common chemical in the blood?

A

2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG)

2,3-BPG levels in crease in hypoxia, and makes oxygen combination with hemoglobin more difficult

18
Q

Red blood cell production is called?

A

Erythropoiesis

19
Q

What hormone causes the bone marrow to produce more red blood cells?

A

Erythropoietin

20
Q

Define hemolysis and sequestration

A

Hemolysis is the destruction of red blood cells

Sequestration is the trapping of red blood cells by an organ such as the spleen

21
Q

Red Blood Cells are measured and quantified in what two ways?

A

Red Blood Cell Count

Hematocrit

22
Q

What is hematocrit?

A

The packed volume of red blood cells er unit of blood

23
Q

How is hematocrit measurement obtained?

A

Placing blood into a centrifuge and spinning at high speed thus separating the cellular components from the plasma

Red blood cells are heavier because they of iron-containing pigment hemoglobin and thus are forced to the bottom of the tube

24
Q

White blood cells are also called what

A

Leukocytes

25
Q

What are marginated leukocytes?

A

White blood cells that do not move freely through the blood stream

They are attached to a blood vessels walls

26
Q

Define chemotaxis

A

the movement of white blood cells in response to chemical signals

27
Q

What is the process called when a white blood cells engulfs and destroys an invader?

A

Phagocytosis

28
Q

Healthy People have _________ - __________ white blood cells that may increase to ________ when fighting infection

A

5,000 to 9,000

16,000

29
Q

Define hemostasis and the three mechanisms of it

A

The combined three mechanisms that work to control blood loss

Vascular Spasms

Platelet Plugs

Stable fibrin blood clots (coagulation)

30
Q

What blood types are the universal donors and universal recipient?

A

AB is the universal recipient

O is the universal donor

31
Q

Polycythemia is a defined as what?

A

Excessive amounts of red blood cells

32
Q

Anemia is defined as what?

A

Lack of red blood cell or hemoglobin

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