Hematology (Vol. 4 Chp. 9)

Question 1

Sickle Cell anemia is more common in what ethnic group and why?

Answer 1

African Americans, thought to be in response to malaria

Question 2

What may hematologic disorders predispose patients to?

Answer 2

intolerance to exercise

hypoxia

acidosis

blood loss

Question 3

What does the hematopoietic system consist of?

Answer 3

Blood (both cells and plasma)

Bone Marrow

Liver

Spleen

Kidneys

Question 4

What is the process and the cell that most blood cells come from?

Answer 4

Blood cells are formed from pluripotent stem cells through a process called hematopoiesis

Question 5

Define Hematology

Answer 5

The study of blood and blood forming organs

Question 6

What two organs create erythropoietin and what purpose does erythropoietin serve?

Answer 6

Kidney and to the lesser extent the liver

Helps promote maturation of red blood cells

Question 7

What two purposes does the liver serve in the hematopoietic system?

Answer 7

Removes toxins from blood

Produces clotting factors and proteins found in the plasma

Question 8

What is the blood volume percentage compared to total body weight?

Answer 8

6%

Approximately 80 - 85 ml blood per kg

Question 9

Approximately how much blood can the body handle losing without complications?

Answer 9

0.5 L

25 - 30% blood volume

Question 10

What is plasma and what is it made up of?

Answer 10

Plasma: thick pale-yellow fluid which is 90-92% water; 6-7% proteins and carbohydrates, chemical messengers electrolytes and fats make up the last 2-3%

Plasma transports the cellular components of blood and dissolved nutrients throughout the body

Also transports waste

Clots blood

Dismantles clots

Buffers the bloods acid-base balance

Question 11

Electrolytes found in plasma are essential to what functions?

Answer 11

nerve conduction

muscle contraction

water balance

Question 12

What is the primary role of blood in the body?

Answer 12

Transport blood from the lungs to the tissues of the rest of the body.

Question 13

At rest, the body consumes about ____ ml oxygen per kilogram of body weight every ______

Answer 13

4; minute

Question 14

What is the normal range for SPO2?

Answer 14

95 - 100%

Question 15

As pH levels lower, what occurs with hemoglobin?

Answer 15

hemoglobin will more readily release oxygen

Question 16

What is the Bohr effect?

Answer 16

waste CO2 from tissues diffuses into blood, causing hemoglobin to give up more oxygen to tissues

Question 17

Except hemoglobin, what is the most common chemical in the blood?

Answer 17

2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG)

2,3-BPG levels in crease in hypoxia, and makes oxygen combination with hemoglobin more difficult

Question 18

Red blood cell production is called?

Answer 18

Erythropoiesis

Question 19

What hormone causes the bone marrow to produce more red blood cells?

Answer 19

Erythropoietin

Question 20

Define hemolysis and sequestration

Answer 20

Hemolysis is the destruction of red blood cells

Sequestration is the trapping of red blood cells by an organ such as the spleen

Question 21

Red Blood Cells are measured and quantified in what two ways?

Answer 21

Red Blood Cell Count

Hematocrit

Question 22

What is hematocrit?

Answer 22

The packed volume of red blood cells er unit of blood

Question 23

How is hematocrit measurement obtained?

Answer 23

Placing blood into a centrifuge and spinning at high speed thus separating the cellular components from the plasma

Red blood cells are heavier because they of iron-containing pigment hemoglobin and thus are forced to the bottom of the tube

Question 24

White blood cells are also called what

Answer 24

Leukocytes

Question 25

What are marginated leukocytes?

Answer 25

White blood cells that do not move freely through the blood stream They are attached to a blood vessels walls

Question 26

Define chemotaxis

Answer 26

the movement of white blood cells in response to chemical signals

Question 27

What is the process called when a white blood cells engulfs and destroys an invader?

Answer 27

Phagocytosis

Question 28

Healthy People have _________ - __________ white blood cells that may increase to ________ when fighting infection

Answer 28

5,000 to 9,000 16,000

Question 29

Define hemostasis and the three mechanisms of it

Answer 29

The combined three mechanisms that work to control blood loss Vascular Spasms Platelet Plugs Stable fibrin blood clots (coagulation)

Question 30

What blood types are the universal donors and universal recipient?

Answer 30

AB is the universal recipient O is the universal donor

Question 31

Polycythemia is a defined as what?

Answer 31

Excessive amounts of red blood cells

Question 32

Anemia is defined as what?

Answer 32

Lack of red blood cell or hemoglobin