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Paramedic 2 > Endocrinology > Flashcards

Endocrinology Flashcards

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1
Q

The endocrine system is closely linked to what other system?

A

nervous system.

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2
Q

How does the endocrine system control the body?

A

Chemical messengers called hormones

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3
Q

What is the fundamental structure of the endocrine system?

A

Endocrine glands

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4
Q

What do endocrine glands produce?

A

Hormones

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5
Q

Where do endocrine glands secrete hormones into?

A

Directly into the capillaries to circulate in the blood

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6
Q

Differentiate endocrine and exocrine glands

A

Endocrine glands have widespread effects where as exocrine glands are localized

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7
Q

What are the eight major endocrine glands

A 
Hypothalamus
Pituitary Gland
Thyroid Gland
Parathyroid gland
Thymus
Pancreas
Adrenal glands
Gonads
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8
Q

What body tissues have endocrine functions?

A

Kidneys
Heart
Placenta
Parts of digestive tract

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9
Q

Where is the hypothalamus located?

A

Located deep within the cerebrum of the brain

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10
Q

What hormones are produced from the hypothalamus

A 
Growth hormone releasing hormone
Growth hormone inhibiting hormone
Corticotropin releasing hormone
Thyrotropin releasing hormone
Gonadtropin hormone
Prolactin releasing hormone
Prolactin inhibiting hormone
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11
Q

How big is the pituitary gland?

A

The size of a pea; divided into posterior and anterior pituitary lobes

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12
Q

The posterior pituitary gland responds to nerve impulses coming from where?

A

The Hypothalamus

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13
Q

The anterior pituitary gland responds to what kind of hormone?

A

Hypothalamic hormones

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14
Q

What two hormones does the posterior pituitary gland provide?

A

Antidiuretic Hormone: causes retention of body water

Oxytocin: causes uterine contraction and lactation

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15
Q

What occurs during dehydration or hemorrhaging with pituitary gland?

A

Increased ADH secretion to prevent dehydration

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16
Q

Diabetes insipidus is a disorder marked by what?

A

Large volumes of urine; caused by inadequate ADH secretion relative to blood volume.

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17
Q

What are the six anterior pituitary hormones

A 
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
Thyroid stimulating hormone
Follicle stimulating hormone (Estrogen, testosterone,)
Luteneinizing hormone
Prolactin
Growth Hormone
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18
Q

Where is the thyroid gland located?

A

Two lobes located in the neck anterior and just below the cartilage of the larynx

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19
Q

What three hormones does the thyroid produce?

A

Thyroxine
Triiodothyronine
Calcitonin

20
Q

Describe the thyroid gland

A

Composed of tiny hollow sacs called follicles, filled with thick fluid called colloid

21
Q

How does calcitonin lower blood calcium levels?

A

Increasing uptake of calcium by bones and inhibiting the breakdown of bone tissue

22
Q

where are parathyroid glands located

A

Posterior lateral surface of the thyroid.

23
Q

What does the parathyroid gland secrete

A

Parathyroid hormone (Increases blood calcium levels)

24
Q

Parathyroid Hormone is the antagonist of what hormone

A

Calcitonin

25
Q

Where is the thymus gland located

A

In the mediastinum just behind the sternum

26
Q

In childhood what does the thymus gland produce?

A

Thymosin, promotes maturation of T lymphocytes responsible for cell-mediated immunity

27
Q

Where is the pancreas located?

A

The upper retroperitoneum behind the stomach

28
Q

The pancreas is composed of what two tissues

A

Endocrine and exocrine tissue

29
Q

What is the endocrine tissue found in the pancreas known as?

A

Islets of langhorn

30
Q

What does the alpha cells in the pancreas produce?

A

Glucagon

31
Q

Define glycogenolysis

A

Breakdown of glycogen by glucagon

32
Q

Define gluconeogenesis

A

Glucose from nonsugar sources

33
Q

What do beta cells in the pancreas create?

A

Insulin

34
Q

Insulin is the antagonist of what hormone?

A

glucagon

35
Q

Where are adrenal glands located?

A

Superior surface of the kidneys

36
Q

How do you check corneal reflex and what does it check for?

A

Take sterile gauze and touch a patients eyeball. All patients should have some sort of repsonse.

37
Q

Where is the pineal gland located?

A

Roof of the thalamus in the brain

38
Q

What hormone does the pineal gland release?

A

Melatonin in response to changes in light

39
Q

Melatonin may affect what?

A

A persons mood

40
Q

What kind of respirations are associated with DKA?

A

Kussmals breath, deep rapid breathing

41
Q

Define myxedema

A

Long-term exposure to inadequate levels of thyroid hormones.

42
Q

What causes cushings syndrome?

A

Excessive adrenocortical activity

43
Q

What causes addisons diesease?

A

Deficient adrenocortical activity

44
Q

What are some signs and symptoms of cushings syndrome?

A

Weight gain, trunk of body, face, neck and moon-faced appearance devleops
Accumulation fat on upper back referred to as “buffalo hump”
Skin changes common and early clue
Mood swings and impaired memory or concentration

45
Q

What is the cause of Addison’s disease?

A

Adrenal glands fail to produce adequate amount of steroid hormones ( cortisol and aldosterone)

46
Q

Cushings and Addisons syndrome are acute and chronic conditions, which is which?

A

Chronic Cushings

Acute Addisons

47
Q

What are some signs and symptoms of addisons diesease?

A

Progressive weakness, fatigue, decreased appetite, weight loss; hyperpigmentation of skin and mucous membranes

Paramedic 2 (17 decks)

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