Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Paramedic 2 > Cardiology > Flashcards

Cardiology Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
NREMT® EMT flashcards NREMT® Paramedic flashcards
0
Q

What is the purpose of the cardiovascular system?

A

Circulate blood containing oxygen and nutrients, while also providing a means for waste removal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

What are the three components of the heart?

A

Heart
Blood
Vasculature structures (Pipes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Veins carry blood towards where?

A

The heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Arteries carry blood away from where?

A

Away from the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The circulatory system is closely tied to which system?

A

Pulmonary system, changes in one will quickly result in changes to the other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Almost every cell in the body lies adjacent to what?

A

A capillary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The entire system of blood vessels including arteries, veins and capillaries totals to about how many miles?

A

60,000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The main energy source in the body is what?

A

Oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Oxygenated blood leaves from where in the heart?

A

Left ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Oxygenated blood travels through where after leaving the left ventricle?

A

The aorta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

After oxygenated blood arrives in the artery where does it go?

A

Arteriole then the capillary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Oxygen and nutrients are exchanged with what gas along with what other products?

A

CO2 and waste

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

If perfusion issues occur above the renal arteries what organs are compromised?

A

Kidneys, Urine output will be slowed and/or stopped

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The apex of the heart is inferior or superior to the base of the heart?

A

inferior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Where is the tricuspid valve located in the heart?

A

The right side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Which side of the heart is higher pressure/has more muscle mass and why?

A

left side because it has to pump blood to the whole of the body while the right side only has to pump blood into the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Where does oxygen poor blood enter the heart?

A

Through the superior and inferior vena cava into the right atrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Where does blood go from the right atrium?

A

The right atrium contracts pushing the blood into the right ventricle through the tricuspid valve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Where does blood go from the right ventricle?

A

Leaves the right ventricle through the pulmonic valve into the pulmonary artery and then to the lungs where it is oxygenated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Where and how does oxygenated blood enter the heart?

A

Pulmonary vein empties oxygen rich blood from the lungs into the left atrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

As the left atrium contracts where does the blood go?

A

the left ventricle through the mitral valve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

As the left ventricle pumps the blood where does it go?

A

Leaves the heart through the aortic valve into the aorta and to the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

If the left ventricle is backed up where does the blood back up in?

A

The lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

True or false, blood backed up in the right ventricle backs up into the lungs

A

False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

The heart is comprised of what three layers in order of most superficial to deep?

A

Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the myocardium?

A

The middle layer and muscle of the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the endocardium?

A

The inner lining of the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the pericardium?

A

Fibrous tissue that surrounds the heart which consists of the tough outer layer (Parietal Pericardium) and the inner layer (Visceral Pericardium or Epicardium) which lines the outside of the heart as well as the inner most section of the Parietal Pericardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the space between the visceral pericardium and the epicardium filled with?

A

pericardial fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

The pressure required to open the aortic valve is known as what?

A

afterload

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

In coronary circulation what two major vessels branch off the aorta

A

Left main coronary artery

Right coronary artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

The left main coronary artery divides into what two other arteries?

A

Circumflex

Left Anterior Descending

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is coronary circulation?

A

Circulation of blood through the heart muscle itself

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

The left anterior descending supplies blood to what structures?

A

The septum and the ventricular walls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

If the left anterior descending is occluded what will happen?

A

Majority of the left ventricle will become ischemic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

The right coronary artery supplies blood to what structures?

A

The SA and AV node

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

The right coronary artery also becomes what artery?

A

The posterior descending artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Where do coronary veins deposit their blood?

A

Right atria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Where do coronary veins collect their blood?

A

From the capillaries into the coronary sinus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What are the two shockable rhythms?

A

vfib and pulseless vtach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Heart tissue is specialized and found nowhere else in the body, what are the three unique properties to heart tissue?

A

Automaticity
Excitability
Contractility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Define inotropy

A

Inotropy is the strength of the cardiac contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Define chronotropy

A

Influence on the heart rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Define dromotropy

A

The excitability or willingness of the heart to conduct an impulse through the cardiac cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What is the Frank-Starling Mechanism?

A

Mechanism that states the force of blood ejected by the heart is determined primarily by the length of the fibers of its muscular wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

When does atrial kick occur

A

Occurs just at the conclusion of the transfer between the atria and the ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

How much force is potentially lost without atrial kick?

A

up to 25%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Cardiac cells are connected end to end by what?

A

an intercalated disk.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What allows an impulse and blood flow to travel all the way down to the apex of the heart?

A

A system of conduction fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Where do contractions begin in the heart?

A

Contractions begin at the apex and moves towards the base

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Where do impulses first occur in the heart?

A

In the right atrium within a group of specialized cells called the SA (Sino Atrial) Node

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

The SA node is innervated by what two nervous systems?

A

Parasympathetic and Sympathetic systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What is the Atrioventricular Node?

A

Acts as a gateway, electrically connecting the atria to the ventricles.

Also slows down the conduction to allow for atrial kick

53
Q

What do the bundle branches do?

A

Transmit electrical impulses quickly into the apex of the ventricles

54
Q

Where do impulses terminate in the heart?

A

In a network of small conduction fibers known as the Purkinje network

55
Q

How are cardiac cells interconnected?

A

End to end through an intercalated disk

56
Q

Does the body always want all electrical forces neutral?

A

Yes

57
Q

How does the body attempt to maintain the number of particles in balance?

A

Diluting an area of higher concentration of particles with an area of lower concentration of particles

58
Q

Where are Sodium and Potassium particles found in highest concentrations?

A

Sodium is found in high concentration outside the cell

Potassium is found in high concentration inside the cell

59
Q

What are the two axis on a cardiac monitor represent?

A

Y axis: Millivolts

X Axis: Time in seconds

60
Q

Which wave represents the movement of conduction from the SA node to the AV node

A

P wave

61
Q

If the P wave is depressed below the isoelectric line, what does that indicate?

A

The AV node firing towards the SA node

62
Q

The section of the wave after the P wave represents what?

A

The delay in conduction in the AV node to allow atrial kick to occur

63
Q

A resting cell is polarized or depolarized?

A

Polarized

64
Q

What does the QRS wave represent?

A

Ventricle depolarization

65
Q

One small box on an ECG grid paper is how many seconds?

A

0.04 seconds

66
Q

One large box on ECG grid paper is how many seconds?

A

0.20 Seconds (One large box is 5 small boxes lengthwise)

67
Q

What is the PR interval normal duration?

A

between 0.12 and 0.20 seconds

68
Q

What can a prolonged PR Interval indicate?

A

Delay in the AV node

69
Q

How long does a normal QRS complex take?

A

between 0.04 and 0.12 seconds

70
Q

If after the P wave there is only a single negative deflection what is that wave called?

A

QS Wave

71
Q

What does the T wave represent and how long is the normal duration?

A

Represents the repolarization of the ventricles and duration is normally between 0.10 and 0.25 seconds

72
Q

What is the J point?

A

The end of depolarization

73
Q

What speed does ECG paper come out?

A

25mm per second

74
Q

What does STEMI stand for?

A

ST ELEVATION MI

75
Q

What are the five steps you follow when interpreting EKG strips?

A
  1. Rate (Beats per minute)
  2. Rhythm (including presence of ectopic beats)
  3. Presence and shape of the P wave, and its relationship to the QRS
  4. PR Interval
  5. QRS Complex
76
Q

How does an EKG count heart rate and what should you be conscious of?

A

An EKG only detects electrical impulses but DOES NOT notice if a heart beat is actually perfusing

77
Q

What is a good method for counting beats in an irregular rhythm?

A

Count the number of R waves in a 6 second strip and multiply by 10

78
Q

What is a method of estimating heart rate on an EKC strip?

A

Count the number of large squares between two consecutive R waves and divide into 300

OR

Memorize this scale:
1 large square = 300 bpm
2 large square = 150 bpm
3 large square = 100 bpm
4 large square = 75 bpm
5 large square = 60 bpm
6 large square = 50 bpm
79
Q

What are the 4 regularities of rhythm?

A

Regular
Essentially regular
Regularly irregular
Irregularly irregular

80
Q

If the length of a PR interval is longer than 0.20 seconds what could that potentially be?

A

Blockage in the AV node or junction

81
Q

While inspecting the QRS complex you must look at:

A

The duration
The height
The presence of Q waves and their lengths and size
General configuration of the complex noting any slurring or notching

82
Q

What is a Q wave?

A

Initial negative deflection on an EKG, lengthening of the Q wave may indicate myocardial infarction

83
Q

Define Absolute Refractory period.

A

Period of time where a second action is unable to be started no matter how large of a stimulus is given.

84
Q

Define relative refractory period.

A

Period of time where a second action can be initiated but is inhibited or requires a large amount of stimulus

85
Q

heart rate is affected by what nervous system?

A

Autonomic nervous system, (parasympathetic and sympathetic branches)

86
Q

How many millivolts are one small box equal to on an EKG strip equal to?

A

1/10th of a millivolt

87
Q

How many millivolts are large boxes on an EKG strip?

A

0.5 millivolts

88
Q

Define wandering pacemaker

A

Pacemaker site that wanders between the sinus node, the atria and the AV junction. Although each impulse originates from a different focus, the rate usually remains within normal ranges.

89
Q

What are the rules for a Wandering Pacemaker?

A 
Regularity: slightly irregular
Rate: Usually normal, 60-100
P Wave: Morphology changes from one complex to the next
PRI:Less than 0.20
QRS: Less than 0.12
90
Q

Describe one Valsalva maneuver:

A

Ask the patient to bear down as if to move his/her bowels with his/her nose and mouth closed.

91
Q

An increase in afterload results in a(n) ________ workload of the heart, especially in the ________ ventricle.

A

Increased; left

92
Q

Define Premature Atrial Complex

A

The pacemaker is an irritable focus within the atrium that fires prematurely and produces a single ectopic beat.

Note: this is a single beat and not an entire rhythm, the underlying rhythm must also be identified

93
Q

The PR interval reflects all _____ activity

A

Atrial

94
Q

Define Atrial Tachycardia

A

The pacemaker is a single irritable site within the atrium that fires repetitively at a very rapid rate.

95
Q

Define atrial flutter

A

A single irritable focus within the atria issues an impulse that is conducted in a rapid repetitive fashion. To protect the ventricles form receiving too many impulses from being conducted through to the ventricles.

Looks similar to a saw tooth

96
Q

Define Atrial Fibrillation

A

The atria are so irritable that a multitude of foci initiate impulses, causing the atria to depolarize repeatedly in a fibrillary manner. The AV node blocks most of the impulses allowing only a limited number to go through to the ventricles

97
Q

Define F waves

A

Fibrillatory waves associated with atrial fibrillation

98
Q

What are key characteristics of PVC?

A

QRS complex longer than 0.12 secs
No preceding P wave
Commonly produces T wave that deflects opposite of the QRS
Compensatory pause

99
Q

During a junctional rhythm the pacemaker site is located where?

A

At the AV Junction in the middle of the heart

100
Q

During a junctional rhythm how will the P wave appear?

A

Inverted and in different locations dependent on if the atria are depolarized before, during or after the ventricles

101
Q

During a junctional rhythm if the atria are depolarized before the ventricles how long will the PRI be?

A

less than 0.12 seconds

102
Q

An inverted P wave may be what two kinds of rhythms?

A

Atrial or Junctional

103
Q

When you see an inverted P wave after the QRS complex where is the origin of the rhythm?

A

AV Junction

104
Q

If the inverted P wave occurs prior to the QRS complex what is an important clue to determine if the rhythm originates in the AV Junction or the Atria?

A

PRI for a junctional rhythm should be less than 0.12 while a rhythm occurring in the atria should take the normal length of time

105
Q

Define Premature Junctional Complex

A

Irritable focus in the AV Junction that produces a single ectopic beat. P wave will be inverted if visible and if the P wave occurs prior to the QRS complex it will last shorter than 0.12 seconds.

106
Q

Define junctional escape rhythms

A

Regular rhythm

Rate of between 40-60

P wave inverted before during or after the QRS complex

107
Q

Define and differentiate Accelerated Junctional Rhythm and Junctional Tachycardia

A

Accelerated junctional is a junctional rhythm that has a rate between 60 - 100

Junctional tachycardia is a junctional rhythm that has a rate of between 100 - 180

108
Q

What rhythms are classified under Supraventricular Tachycardia?

A

Sinus Tach
Atrial Tach
Junctional Tach
Atrial Flutter

109
Q

How many degrees of heart blocks are there?

A

3 degrees

110
Q

Define 1st degree heart block

A

AV Node holds each impulse longer than normal before conducting it to the ventricles. Each Impulse is eventually conducted.

111
Q

How do you define a first degree heart block on an EKG?

A

Normal sinus rhythm except the PRI is greater than 0.20

112
Q

Define second degree heart block type 2

A

The AV Node constantly holds PRI longer than normal and blocks some P waves

113
Q

Define “wenckebach” type 1 second degree heart block

A

PR Intervals will get progressively longer until one is blocked and the cycle starts over

114
Q

What is the difference in QRS between a third degree heart block with ventricular or junctional escape

A

Junctional escape QRS is under 0.12 while a ventricular escape will have a QRS of greater than 0.12

115
Q

Define ventricular tachycardia

A

Irritable focus I the ventricles firing quickly and overriding higher sites In the heart

Regular
No p wave

116
Q

Define ventricular fibrillation

A

Multiple focus sites become irritable in the ventricles

Completely chaotic with no patterns

117
Q

Define idioventricular rhythm

A

Ventricles initiate a regular impulse at their inherent rate of 20 - 40 bpm

No p wave
Wide QRS
Bpm of 20 - 40

118
Q

Define asystole

A

No electrical activity

119
Q

What does a wide QRS duration indicate?

A

Ventricular rhythm

120
Q

What does a narrow QRS duration indicate?

A

Atrial or junctional rhythm

121
Q

Define artificial pace maker

A

Device used to provide artificial electrical stimulus to the myocardial tissue to stimulate depolarization

122
Q

Every time a pacemaker fires, what is produced in an ekg strip?

A

Spike

123
Q

What are two different types of pacemakers

A

Temporary and permanent

124
Q

What are the two types of temporary pacemakers

A

Transcutaneous and Transvenous

125
Q

Are pace makers able to stimulate different areas of the heart?

A

Yes

126
Q

When would you classify a rhythm as SVT?

A

When a P Wave is not visible and the rate is common among other arrhythmia

127
Q

Define interpolated PVC

A

A PVC that occurs and does not interrupt the underlying rhythm

128
Q

Define unifocal PVC

A

PVC’s that occur in the same spot, the morphology will be similar

129
Q

Define R on T phenomenon

A

PVC that occurs during the preceding t wave

130
Q

Define PVC Cooley and run

A

Two PVC’s in a row is a couplet

More than that it’s a run

131
Q

Define bigeminy, trigeminy, quadrageminy

A

PVC’s that occur consistantly on the specified beast

Paramedic 2 (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions