Hematology P1

Question 1

What are three things you always need from a patient when eval their hematopoietic system?

Answer 1

1. History
2. Physical exam with lymph node palp
3. Complete blood count (CBC)

Question 2

Whole blood is made up of… (2)

Answer 2

1. Plasma
2. Cells

Question 3

What is plasma made up of? (5)

Answer 3

Water, proteins, sugars, lipids, & electrolytes

Question 4

Three types of cells

Answer 4

1. Erythrocytes
2. Leukocytes
3. Thrombocytes

Question 5

Hematology means…

Answer 5

The study of blood

Question 6

Red cells do what?

Answer 6

Carry oxygen

Question 7

Platelets do what?

Answer 7

Intiate blood clotting

Question 8

White cells do what?

Answer 8

They are the immune system
- Granulocytes & monocytes
- Lymphocytes

Question 9

Granulocytes & monocytes VS Lymphocytes

Answer 9

Granulocytes & monocytes:
- Non specific, will attack anything foreign
- Direct attack

Lymphocytes:
- Specific immunity, attack what they’ve been programmed to do
- Create antibodies

Question 10

Granulocytes definition and who are they?

Answer 10

Defined:
- Segmented nucleus & granules

Who?
- Neutrophil
- Eosinophil
- Basophil

Question 11

Granule colors:
1. Neutrophil
2. Eosinophil
3. Basophil

Answer 11

1. Neutrophil: Clear-gray granules
2. Eosinophil: Pink/red granules
3. Basophil: Blue to purple granules

Question 12

Agranules defined and who are they?

Answer 12

Defined:
- No granules

Who?
- Lymphocytes
- Monocytes

Question 13

Nucleus shape and cell size:
1. Lymphocytes
2. Monocytes

Answer 13

1. Lymphocytes:
   - Round nucleus
   - 7-9um
2. Monocytes:
   - Variable nucleus (“horseshoe” shape often)
   - Large!! 12-14um

Question 14

What are the 7 parameters of the CBC?

Answer 14

1. Total RBC count
2. PCV/TP - total protein
3. Erythrocyte indicies
4. WC differential
5. Total WBC count
6. Absolute count
7. Platelet count

Question 15

Red cell count:

Answer 15

Eval for anemia or polycythemia (excess RBCs)

Question 16

Red cell morphology

Answer 16

• Size of RBCs indicates low iron or increased production.
• Appearance of RBCs may indicate specific disease processes.

Question 17

Total WBC count:
High “Leukocytosis”

Answer 17

• Certain infections
• Inflammation
• Certain neoplasia (cancer)
• Hyperadrenocorticism or corticosteroid use

Question 18

Total WBC count:
Low “Leukopenia”

Answer 18

• Certain infections
• Bone marrow damage
• Hypoadrenocorticism

Question 19

Platelet count:
High “Thrombocytosis”

Answer 19

• Hyperadrenocorticism or steroid use
• Rare bone marrow neoplasia

Question 20

Platelet count:
Low “Thrombocytopenia”

Answer 20

• Massive hemorrhage (ex: hit by car)
• Certain infections (tick borne is common)
• Immune system destruction
• Risk for clotting disorder

Question 21

Automated analyzers

Question 22

Manual count methods:
Hemocytometer

Answer 22

• Counting chamber to determine no. of cells per uL
• Set up as a grad pattern to count number of either WBC or WBC per uL
• Cell are counted systematically from left to right and averaged

Question 23

WBC differential count
What is it?
How is it done?

Answer 23

1. Knowing the exact amount of each white cell type. This provides much info on the body state.
2. How:
   - Blood smear is stained w/a Wrights stain
   - 100 cells in the feathered edge are counted as a specific cell type
   - Percentage of each is multiplied by total WBC

Question 24

Erythrocyte Indices assist:
And they find… (3)

Answer 24

1. Erythrocyte indices assist in classification of anemias.
2. Find:
   - Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV)
   - Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH)
   - Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC)

Question 25

Corpuscular means…

Answer 25

Old word for: Red Blood Cell

Question 26

Parameters to examine for WBC ID (3)

Answer 26

1. Size of cell (compared to RBC)
2. Shape of nucleus
3. Cytoplasm contents
   Do not rely or fixate on color!!