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Clinical Laboratory Science > Hematology > Flashcards

Hematology Flashcards

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1
Q

What function does Circulatory System provide?

A

Delivery of oxygen, nutrients, water, horomes to tissues and cells

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2
Q

Where do blood circulate?

A

Arteries, Capillaries, Veins

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3
Q

What are Arteries?

A

Carry oxygenated blood, Thick-walled, elastic and muscular, Divides into arterioles

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4
Q

What are Capillaries?

A

connect arterioles and veins into venules, Smallest blood vessel, It’s where CO and O exchange

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5
Q

What are veins?

A

carry deoxygenated blood from capillaries to the heart, Have valves that allow blood flow in one direction

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6
Q

What are Composition of Blood?

A
  • Red Blood Cells (Erthrocytes)
    • A lot of them in blood
    • 1 drop = 250 million RBC
    • Lives for 120 days
    • Dead RBC components are recycled
  • White Blood Cells
    • Not a lot of them
    • There’s 5 types: first 3 = granulocytes
      1. Neutrophils - kills bad stuff like fungi and bacteria
      2. Basophils - involved in allergic response
      3. Eosinophils - kills parasites/cancer and part of allergies
      4. Lymphocytes - Help fight viruses and make anitbodies
      5. Monocytes - Clean up damaged cells
  • Platelets
    • Fragments of cytoplasm relased by megakaryocytes in bone marrow
    • 300,000/microleter
    • Stop bleeding by forming a plug in damanged vessels, realse checmicals that are important in clogging
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7
Q

Name Hematological Diseases

A

Anemia, Leukemia, Thrombocytopenia, Hemophila, Sickle Cell Anemia,

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8
Q

What’s Anemia

A

RBC count is low

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9
Q

What’s Leukemia

A

Cnacer caused by overproduction of WBC

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10
Q

What’s Thrombocytopenia

A

Low platelet counts which causes bleeding problems

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11
Q

What’s Hemophila

A

Bleeding problems because lack of coagualtion factors to form clot

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12
Q

What’s Sickle Cell Anemia

A

Abnormal blood cell shape, oxygen can’t bind properly

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13
Q

What is Hemoglobin (Hb or Hgb)

A
  • Primary component of RBC’s
    • Hemogolbin binds oxygen and transports to lungs and tissues
    • Oxygen is released in tissues and CO gets binded to hemoglobin and carries back to lungs
  • Hemoglobin has heme and globin
  • Heme has iron and globin has 4 protien chains
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14
Q

Hemoglobin reference values

A
  • Newborn: 16-23g/dL
  • Children: 10-14g/dL
  • Adult Males: 13-17g/dL
  • Adult Females: 12-26g/dL
  • Diet and exercise impact #
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15
Q

How to Measure Hemoglobin

A

Specific Gravity Technique
Chemical Methods

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16
Q

What is Specific Gravity Technique

A
  • Drop of blood is placed in copper sulfate solution with specific gravity of 1.052-1.054
  • If drop falls through solution rapidly, there’s a lot of hemoglobin
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17
Q

What is Chemical Methods

A
  • Drabkin’s agent is added
  • Then measured using hematology analyzer/hemoglobinmeter
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18
Q

What is Miccrohematocrit

A
  • Test that seperates cellular elements of blood from plasma
  • Microhematocrit (crit, HCT) is determined comparing RBC volume to total blood volume
  • This test helps tell patients oxygen carry capacity and is used for screening amenia, blood loss and blood donors
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19
Q

How to do Microhermatocrit Tests

A
  • When performing microhermatocrit, vein blood is collected from a tube to which EDTA (anti coagulant) is added
    • Vein blood is mixed by inverting the tube 60 times or using mechanical mixer for 2 mins
    • They are placed into a rotor of centrifuge with sealed ends
    • % of RBC is determined using hematocrit reader
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20
Q

How to count RBC

A

The hemacytometer is a slide that performs manual cell counts using microscope

21
Q

How much is RBC diluted by?

A

1:200 because most abundant. Diluting fluid needs to be isotonic

22
Q

HOw much is WBC diluted by?

A

1:20 with LeukoTIC and 1:100 with Leukochek. The fluid is ammonium oxalate

23
Q

How much is platelet diluted by?

A

Platelets are diluted to 1:100 with ammonium oxalate

24
Q

What is Basophilic stippling

A

Granular leftovers of RNA or other basophilic substances remaining in RBC after nucleus is lost. Cells are immature

25
Q

Howell-Jolly Bodies

A

DNA leftovers after nucleus is lost

26
Q

Cabot rings

A

Have a ring in it. Usually found when person have anemia or lead poisoning

27
Q

Nucleated RBC’s

A

Found in the bone marrow but can also be seen in severe anemia. Has a huge purple dot in the middle

28
Q

Leukopenia

A
  • Occurs when WBC count falls below average
    • Balanced leukopenia: All WBCs are decreased
    • Neutropenia: Neutrophils are decreased
    • Lymphopenia: Lymphocytes are decreased
29
Q

Leukosytosis:

A

Too much WBCs

30
Q

Neutrophila:

A
  • Too much neutrophils
    - Caused by bacterial infection
    - Increased in immature neutrophils in peripheral blood
31
Q

Eosinophilia:

A
  • Too much eosinophils
    • Caused by allegoric reactions, parasites and skin disease
32
Q

Basophilia:

A
  • Too much basophils
    • Caused by increase of other granulocytes
    • Caused by ulcerative colitis, chronic sinusitis, viral infections, chronic
      myelogenous leukemia and polycythemia vera
33
Q

What is WBC Differential Count:

A

Classifying WBC’s and find the amount of WBC’s there are (approx)
This can be used to diagnosis, treat and monitor progress of blood disorders and cancers

34
Q

What do Granulocytes (B.E.N) do

A

Ingests foreign particles (phagocytosis)

35
Q

What do Monocytes do?

A

Defense against pathogens

36
Q

What do Lymphocytes do?

A

Plays a role in antibody production and communicating with other cells

37
Q

How to do the differential count:

A

Use a blood smear and use the manual differential cell counters to count the WBC’s

38
Q

What is Reticulocyte Count

A
  • Counts the # of immature blood cells
  • A way to estimate the rate of erythropoiesis, or cell production
39
Q

How to do Reticulocyte Count

A
  • 5 drops of blood and an equal amount of reticulocyte stain in a small vial
  • Count # of reticulocytes for every 1,000 RBC’s
  • Then do: # of reticulocytes/Total amount of RBC’s = % of Reticulocytes
40
Q

Aplastic Anemia reti count

A

Higher

41
Q

Defiecney in VitB12 reti count

A

Normal or Lower

42
Q

Iron DEfeicney Amenia reti count

A

Normal to Lower

43
Q

Hemorrhage reti count

A

Increased

44
Q

Heavy smoking reti count

A

Increased

45
Q

What is (RBC)Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate

A
  • Detects rate erythrocytes settle in blood; detects inflammation
    • Erythrocytes form aggregates called rouleaux
    • This increases ESR since they are heavy
    • Higher acute phase proteins means more rouleaux
  • Macrocytic cells sediment faster
  • Sickle or weirdly shaped RBCs sediment slower
45
Q

What are thigns that increase sedmination rate?

A

Pregnancy
Anemia
Macrocytosis
Cancer

45
Q

What are things that Decreased sediment rate?

A

Sickle Cells
Microcytosis
Polycythemia
Spherecytosis

46
Q

How to do ESR test

A
  • Westergren method
    • Use a pipet
    • Dilute blood with sodium citrate or saline before filling pipet
  • Wintrobe method
    • Put blood in tube
    • Wait for an hour to see how much RBC’s sank
47
Q

Preparing Blood Smears:

A
  • Covers 3/4 of slide
  • Transition from thin to thick
  • Sometimes the smear might be uneven, that is because:
    • Smear too long/short
    • Smear to thick/thin
    • Holes in smear
    • Blood cells are weirdly shaped

Clinical Laboratory Science (8 decks)

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