Hematology Flashcards
What function does Circulatory System provide?
Delivery of oxygen, nutrients, water, horomes to tissues and cells
Where do blood circulate?
Arteries, Capillaries, Veins
What are Arteries?
Carry oxygenated blood, Thick-walled, elastic and muscular, Divides into arterioles
What are Capillaries?
connect arterioles and veins into venules, Smallest blood vessel, It’s where CO and O exchange
What are veins?
carry deoxygenated blood from capillaries to the heart, Have valves that allow blood flow in one direction
What are Composition of Blood?
- Red Blood Cells (Erthrocytes)
- A lot of them in blood
- 1 drop = 250 million RBC
- Lives for 120 days
- Dead RBC components are recycled
- White Blood Cells
- Not a lot of them
- There’s 5 types: first 3 = granulocytes
- Neutrophils - kills bad stuff like fungi and bacteria
- Basophils - involved in allergic response
- Eosinophils - kills parasites/cancer and part of allergies
- Lymphocytes - Help fight viruses and make anitbodies
- Monocytes - Clean up damaged cells
- Platelets
- Fragments of cytoplasm relased by megakaryocytes in bone marrow
- 300,000/microleter
- Stop bleeding by forming a plug in damanged vessels, realse checmicals that are important in clogging
Name Hematological Diseases
Anemia, Leukemia, Thrombocytopenia, Hemophila, Sickle Cell Anemia,
What’s Anemia
RBC count is low
What’s Leukemia
Cnacer caused by overproduction of WBC
What’s Thrombocytopenia
Low platelet counts which causes bleeding problems
What’s Hemophila
Bleeding problems because lack of coagualtion factors to form clot
What’s Sickle Cell Anemia
Abnormal blood cell shape, oxygen can’t bind properly
What is Hemoglobin (Hb or Hgb)
- Primary component of RBC’s
- Hemogolbin binds oxygen and transports to lungs and tissues
- Oxygen is released in tissues and CO gets binded to hemoglobin and carries back to lungs
- Hemoglobin has heme and globin
- Heme has iron and globin has 4 protien chains
Hemoglobin reference values
- Newborn: 16-23g/dL
- Children: 10-14g/dL
- Adult Males: 13-17g/dL
- Adult Females: 12-26g/dL
- Diet and exercise impact #
How to Measure Hemoglobin
Specific Gravity Technique
Chemical Methods
What is Specific Gravity Technique
- Drop of blood is placed in copper sulfate solution with specific gravity of 1.052-1.054
- If drop falls through solution rapidly, there’s a lot of hemoglobin
What is Chemical Methods
- Drabkin’s agent is added
- Then measured using hematology analyzer/hemoglobinmeter
What is Miccrohematocrit
- Test that seperates cellular elements of blood from plasma
- Microhematocrit (crit, HCT) is determined comparing RBC volume to total blood volume
- This test helps tell patients oxygen carry capacity and is used for screening amenia, blood loss and blood donors
How to do Microhermatocrit Tests
- When performing microhermatocrit, vein blood is collected from a tube to which EDTA (anti coagulant) is added
- Vein blood is mixed by inverting the tube 60 times or using mechanical mixer for 2 mins
- They are placed into a rotor of centrifuge with sealed ends
- % of RBC is determined using hematocrit reader
How to count RBC
The hemacytometer is a slide that performs manual cell counts using microscope
How much is RBC diluted by?
1:200 because most abundant. Diluting fluid needs to be isotonic
HOw much is WBC diluted by?
1:20 with LeukoTIC and 1:100 with Leukochek. The fluid is ammonium oxalate
How much is platelet diluted by?
Platelets are diluted to 1:100 with ammonium oxalate
What is Basophilic stippling
Granular leftovers of RNA or other basophilic substances remaining in RBC after nucleus is lost. Cells are immature
