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Clinical Laboratory Science > Clincal Microbiology > Flashcards

Clincal Microbiology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the characteristics of bacteria

A

Multiply by fission
Form colonies
Bacteria morphology

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2
Q

Bacteria Shapes

A

Coccus
Bacillus
Spirochetes

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3
Q

Types of Gram stains

A

Gram positive appear blue-purple,
gram negative appear pink-red

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4
Q

Growth requirements

A

Medium provides nutrients for growing
microorganisms
○ Bacteria that can only grow on
specialized medium are fastidious
bacteria
○ Aerobic and anaerobic bacteria

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5
Q

what is Pathogens

A

bacteria that
cause disease through
infection

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6
Q

what is communicable disease

A

Diseases that spread from
person

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7
Q

Normal flora

A

bacteria
that are natural inhabitants
of the human body

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8
Q

Opportunistic pathogens

A

invade the body only
when immune defenses are
impaired

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9
Q

Bacteriological Procedures

A

Specimen collection
- Bacteria collected
- Find growth of
bacteria on a medium that
provides nutrients
Identifying bacteria
- can use Microscopic morphology, colony
appearance, reactions with Gram
stain, growth on media,
biochemical reactions, gene
probes, antibody reactions
Antibiotic susceptibility testing
- Find minimum inhibitory
concentration (MIC)

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10
Q

Reasons for Ordering Cultures

A

bad Throat
- Sore throat, fever, negative
rapid strep test

bad Nasal
- B Pertussis, MRSA,
rhinovirus, flu, RSV

bad Urine
- Recurring UTIs

bad Sputum
- Prolonged cough, fever, lung
infection, TB, pneumonia

bad Stool
- Diarrhea with blood and mucous,
prolonged bout of diarrhea
Signs of intestinal infection,
Salmonella, E. coli

bad Blood
- Suspected sepsis or
septicemia

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11
Q

throat culture

A

If negative for rapid test for strep throat, perform throat culture
● Sterile swab should be touched to tonsils or pharyngeal surfaces; tongue and
mouth will contaminate swab
● Streak immediately on blood agar plate if available

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12
Q

Nasal Culture

A

Nasopharyngeal swabs with flexible shafts, moistened with sterile saline; one
swab for each nasal cavity
● Swab inserted into anterior nostril 2 cm and rotated gently against nasal mucosa
● No rayon/Dacron swabs because they kill target organisms
● If pertussis (whooping cough) suspected, calcium alginate swab used with
Regan-Lowe medium transport

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13
Q

Urine Culture

A

Clean-catch collected in sterile container
● If urine can’t be cultured within an hour after collection, use sterile tube such as
BD Urine C&S Transport kit

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14
Q

Sputum Culture

A

Sputum is material coughed up from lungs and is examined to aid in diagnosis
of lower respiratory tract infection
● Collection instructions
○ Rinse mouth
○ Collect 2 separate specimens in sterile containers, such as BD Sputum
Collection System

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15
Q

Stool Culture

A

One specimen per day collected on 3 consecutive days
● 3 vials that contain medium such as Cary Blair or Amies
● Para-Pak vials for culture

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16
Q

Blood Culture

A

Collected by venipuncture; site must be cleansed first with alcohol then with a swab
containing 2% solution of tincture of iodine
● In order of draw, blood culture bottles are filled first; 2 bottles usually collected, aerobic bottle
filled first
● Bactec instrument inoculated blood cultures and senses changes in CO2, which is released as
microorganisms grow; smear of blood from positive bottle can be made and Gram-stained to
determine microorganism present
● Trek Diagnostic ESP EZ Draw draws 0.1 mL of blood

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17
Q

Aseptic technique

A

set of procedures used to prevent spread of infection during surgical
procedures

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18
Q

Aseptic technique (physical)

A

○ Protective clothing
○ Fluid-resistant lab coat
○ Disposable lab coats/gowns

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19
Q

Microbiological safety cabinets

A

Class I – protect worker and environment but not culture
Class II – provide protection to worker, environment, and culture

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20
Q

Disinfectants and antiseptics

A

Disinfectants are chemicals used to kill/control growth of microorganisms or inanimate objects
Bactericidal – kill bacteria
Bacteriostatic – slow growth of bacteria
Antiseptics are chemicals used to control growth of microorganisms on living tissue
Sterilization frees an article or area from all living organisms

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21
Q

Agar

A

derivative of seaweed used to solidify liquid
media, which grows and isolates bacteria

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22
Q

Primary medium

A

first inoculated with
specimen collected from patient
○ Most common is blood agar

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23
Q

Enriched medium

A

supports growth of
wide variety of organisms

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24
Q

Selective media

A

ingredients that inhibit the
growth of certain microorganisms while allowing the
growth of others

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25
Q

Indicator medium

A

detects metabolic activity of
particular microorganisms

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26
Q

Inoculation

A

Process of transferring microorganisms to a growth medium

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27
Q

How to do swab agar plate

A

Gently roll specimen swab onto one quadrant of agar plate, then prep bacterial smear by
rolling swab across sterile glass slide
○ Inoculating loop spreads inoculated material over agar plate to produce isolated colonies
○ Accomplished by streaking 4 quadrants, decreasing amount of culture material as
streaking proceeds into each quadrant
○ Loop Is sterilized and cooled to spread material into each quadrant

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28
Q

Incubation

A

Usually kept in 35-37 C
incubator
● Plates are inverted to
prevent formation of
condensate inside lid
● For aerobic specimens,
keep lid open a little bit
and incubate in aerobic
incubator (ambient air)
● Pathogens that grow in
CO2 are kept in CO2
incubator with 5-10% CO2
● Anaerobic specimens can
be incubated in sealed
bags/containers

29
Q

What to do after Observation After 24 Hours

A

Growth on blood agar should be observed for hemolysis, the lysis of RBCs by bacteria
growing on blood agar

30
Q

Beta hemolysis

A

completely lyses blood cells and makes surrounding area transparent

31
Q

Alpha hemolysis

A

incompletely lyses RBCs and makes area green

32
Q

how to do Gram stain

A

○Primary stain
■ Crystal violet poured on slide
■ All bacteria stain purple
○ Gram’s iodine
■ Gram’s iodine, a mordant, allows
dye to adhere
■ All bacteria remain purple
○ Decolorizer
■ Alcohol added briefly to slide when
it is tilted downward at 30 degrees
■ Gram-negative bacteria will be
colorless
○ Counterstain
■ Slide flooded with counterstain
safranin
■ Gram-negative bacteria turn pink

33
Q

Performing the Throat Culture

A

Collecting the specimen
○ Pharyngeal surfaces swabbed with sterile
Dacron/rayon swab; passed across surfaces
of both tonsils or surfaces of fossae and
back of throat
○ Don’t touch tongue or inside of mouth
● Inoculating the media
○ Throat swab immediately used to
inoculate a quadrant of the blood agar
plate
○ Paper disk with antibiotic bacitracin can
be placed on concentrated streak in 1st
quadrant
● Incubating the culture
○ CO2 concentration of 10%
● Reading throat culture plate
○ Beta hemolysis should show up in stabs
○ Presence of zone of inhibition around
bacitracin disk and presence of
beta-hemolytic colonies shows Group A
Strep

34
Q

Why are urine cultures collected?

A

Culture requested when patient
has UTI symptoms

35
Q

What contributes to STDs?

A

Escherichia coli - gram-negative rod part of flora of
intestinal tract

36
Q

How to perform urine culture

A

Clean-catch; must be inoculated within 1 hour of collection. Put into a blood agar. Inhibit growth of gram-positive so gram neg grows. Incubate at 35-37 degrees. Colony color, and hemolysis should be noted. Count of 100 000/mL or greater is evidence of UTI

37
Q

What are some common gram positive bacteria

A

Staphylococcus and Streptococcus

38
Q

Staphylococcus

A

Large, white or yellow
○ On Gram stain, appear spherical and in grape-like clusters

39
Q

Streptococci

A

Small, colorless
○ Spherical, chains or pairs

40
Q

Catalase test

A

used to perform on gram positive. staph is positive and strep negative

41
Q

Coagulase test

A

can differentiate between Staph aureus and other
staph

42
Q

Identification of Gram-negative Bacteria

A

Klebsiella form bubblegum pink, mucoid colonies. Gram negative bacteria will grow on EMB and MAC. Reported as gram-negative rods, coliform by EMB, where coliform refers to intestinal bacteria

43
Q

Antibiotic Susceptibility Tests

A

Tests which antibody works against certain viruses

44
Q

Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)

A

Instruments perform bacterial identification. Swab bacteria on an agar plate and put antibodies in each section of an agar plate. The antibody that works the best when it has a circle around the antibody

45
Q

vaginitis,

A

an infection of vagina

46
Q

Common microorganisms in vaginitis

A

Gardnerella vaginalis, Mobiluncus species, Streptococcus
group B, Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, the protozoan
Trichomonas and the yeast Candida albicans

47
Q

waht is Saline wet mount prep

A

Mix drop of vaginal specimen with drop of 0.85%
saline on slide

48
Q

KOH prep of vaginal secretions for yeasts and fungi

A

2 drops vaginal material with 1 drop 10% KOH
solution
■ Fungal elements appear as hairs or threads

49
Q

Gram stain of endocervical secretions of bacteria and
yeasts

A

G Vaginalis is gram-variable; scattered over
constituents of smear
■ Yeast stains dark purple
■ Examined for N gonorrhoeae, which causes
gonorrhea; gram-negative, kidney bean-shaped

50
Q

urethritis

A

an inflammation of urethra

51
Q

If midstream urine contains RBCs, bacteria,
WBCS, or protein,?

A

then patient may have UTI
instead of STD

52
Q

how to do Urethral culture

A

Urethral discharge collected using urogenital
swab and cultured for gonorrhea
○ Inoculated on MTM plate to identify
gonorrhea

53
Q

what does a Urethral gram stain do

A

Examined for WBCs and bacteria

54
Q

Identification
of Gonorrhea

A

N. gonorrhoeae appear as tiny,
shiny, grayish colonies growing
along steak pattern. Oxidase test can be used to aid in
identifying colonies, which is
positive. Purple-black color forms when
oxidase-positive colonies are
exposed to reagent

55
Q

Types of herpes

A

Herpes simplex virus, type 1 (HSV-1)
is responsible for cases of oral
herpes and herpes simplex virus, type 2 (HSV-2) causes genital
herpes

56
Q

Identification of
Herpes (HSV)

A

If herpes lesion present, vesicle can
be broken with swab or needle and
fluid collected with swab, which is
then sent to lab for culture
● Serum titers of IgG and IgM can
also be measured

57
Q

Identification of
Chlamydia

A

Caused by C. trachomatis
● DNA probes use specific nucleic
acids, called probe DNA, that is
added to patient specimen; if
patient is positive,
color/luminescence is produced
● In females, Chlamydia can cause
cervix to bleed easily, cervix said to
be friable

58
Q

Identification of
Syphilis

A

Syphilis is venereal disease caused by
Treponema pallidum, a spirochete, or spiral
bacteria
● Primary syphilis characterized by skin lesions,
organ/tissue damage in secondary stage,
cardiovascular/CNS affected in late-stage
● Patient with T. pallidum produces non-specific
antibodies called reagin; RPR (rapid plasma
reagin) test has carbon-containing cardiolipin
antigen that reacts with reagin; also flocculation
test

59
Q

How do pandemics
re-emerge and spread?

A

Environmental Change
Population concentrations
international FLights
Public health
Pathogen adaptation
Natural disasters

60
Q

West Nile Virus

A

In 2002, it caused largest WNV epidemic and animal epizootic ever reported, with 4000 human
cases and 284 deaths in the US
● Normally transmitted by mosquitoes

61
Q

West Nile Virus Symptoms

A

fever, hemorrhaging caused by organ damage

62
Q

waht are Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers

A

Symptoms: fever, hemorrhaging caused by organ damage
● Caused by RNA viruses in 4 families: arenaviruses, filoviruses,
bunyaviruses, flaviviruses

63
Q

What are examples of Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers

A

Rift Valley Fever
Ebola and Marburg viruses
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
Avian influenza

64
Q

Rift Valley Fever

A

Rift Valley fever occurs in livestock and humans in Africa
○ Caused by virus of Bunyaviridae family and transmitted by
mosquitoes

65
Q

Ebola and Marburg viruses

A

Ebola and Marburg viruses are filoviruses that cause high
mortality
○ WHO documented 17 outbreaks in humans

66
Q

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes tuberculosis
○ As HIV has increased worldwide, incidence of TB has also
increased

67
Q

Avian influenza

A

Reservoir for influenza A are birds
○ Outbreak in May 2006 in Indonesia was possible pandemic

68
Q

What are biological weapons?

A

Diseases used againest peopl in war

69
Q
A

Clinical Laboratory Science (8 decks)

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