Clinical Chemistry

Question 1

What hppens if there’s a chemical imbalance

Answer 1

All chemicals are to be even, if there’s an imbalance then that triggers reaction

Question 2

What is a qualitative observation?

Answer 2

Analyzes lack of substance

Question 3

What is a quantitative obsevation?

Answer 3

Amount of a substance

Question 4

What is a routine test?

Answer 4

frequent needed tests (i.e: glucose)

Question 5

What is a special test?

Answer 5

might be occasionally performed (i.e: hormones)

Question 6

Analyites Tested

Answer 6

Protiens (albumins and gloulins)
Electrolytes (cations+anions)
Mineral Metabolism (calcium, iron , phosphorus)
Uric acid, creatine, BUN, GFR
Biliruban, liver enzymes (i.e: ALT, AST, ALP, GGT)
Cardiac Markers (CK, troponins, BND)
Lipid Metabolism (LDL, HDL)
Thyroid Hormones (T3, T4)

Question 7

What are albumins

Answer 7

made in liver; serve as transport protien and helps with fluid balance

Question 8

What is the reference range

Answer 8

3.8-5g/dL

Question 9

What does a lack of albumins lead to?

Answer 9

Hypoalbuminemia

Question 10

What are globulins

Answer 10

Antiobdies, blood coagulation protiens, enzymes, hemoglobin; heterogenous molecules

Question 11

What is reference range

Answer 11

6-8 g/dL

Question 12

What is albumin/Globulin ratio

Answer 12

60% to 40%

Question 13

What are electrolytes

Answer 13

referes to cation sodium and potassium and anion chlordie and bicarbonate. electrolytes impact pH and heart & muscle function

Question 14

Sodium reference range

Answer 14

(135-148 mmol/L)

Question 15

Potassium ref range

Answer 15

3.5-5.5 mmol/L

Question 16

Chloride ref range

Answer 16

98-108 mmol/L

Question 17

Bicarbonate ref range

Answer 17

22-28 mmol/L

Question 18

Calcium ref range

Answer 18

4.6-5.2 mmol/L (high concentration is called hypocalicemia)

Question 19

Phosphorus ref range

Answer 19

3-4.5 mg/dL (80% of pohs is in bone and rest is in ATP)

Question 20

Iron ref range

Answer 20

65-165 mcg/dL (iron is for hemoglobin sythesis)

Question 21

Creatinine

Answer 21

a waste product that comes from the digestion of protein in your food and the normal breakdown of muscle tissue

Question 22

Ref range for creatinine

Answer 22

0.7-1.4 mg/dL

Question 23

Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)

Answer 23

Increase in amnio acids went to urea and excreted from kidney

Question 24

Ref range for BUN

Answer 24

8-18 mg/dL (low during pregnancy, starvation and low protein diet)

Question 25

Gloerular Filterate rate (GFR)

Answer 25

the rate that creatinine and urea are being filtered through glomeruli

Question 26

GFR ref range

Answer 26

90-120mL/min/1.73m^3

Question 27

Uric Acid

Answer 27

Made by broken down nucueic acid and excretecd form kidneys

Question 28

Ref range for uric acid

Answer 28

3.5-7.5 mg/dL

Question 29

Bilirubin

Answer 29

waste or breakdown from hemoglobin, made in liver and excreted in bile

Question 30

Ref range for bilirubin

Answer 30

0.1-1.2 mg/dL

Question 31

Alanine aminotransferse (ALT) ref range

Answer 31

reference range is 3-30 U/L Rises in liver disease with moderate increases in cirrhosis, infections,
tumors

Question 32

Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) ref range

Answer 32

reference range is 10-37
U/L
○ Elevated after heart attack and liver disease

Question 33

Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)

Answer 33

reference range is 20-130 U/L
○ Increase with liver tumors and lesions, moderate increase with hepatitis

Question 34

Gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT)

Answer 34

reference range is 3-40
U/L
○ Used to monitor hepatitis