Hematologic Malignancies II Flashcards
Tingible body macrophages
macrophages that have phagocytosed remnants of B-cell nuclei containing hematoxyin
What are the small, dark cells in the germinal center of lymph nodes?
centrocytes
What are the larger cells in the germinal center of lymph nodes?
centroblasts
In general, a B-cell lymphoma or leukemia derived from well differentiated cells are (more/less) aggressive.
less
Acute leukemia is (more/less) aggressive.
more
Chronic leukemia is (more/less) aggressive.
less
T/F: Malignancies derived from well differentiated cells can transform into more aggressive forms.
T
What immunophenotype is associated with B cells in germinal centers and mantle zones?
CD20
CD19
What immunophenotype is associated with (some) B cells in germinal centers only?
CD10
What immunophenotypes are associated with T cells in the paracortex (mostly)?
CD5
CD3
Translocations associated with B cell malignancies:
IgH t(8;14) [14q32]
Ig lambda t(8;22) [22q11]
Ig kappa t(8;2) [2p12]
Binding of an oncogene to what other gene causes B cell malignancies?
Ig promoter
What oncogene is associated with marginal zone (memory B) malignancies?
Pax5
What oncogenes are associated with peri-follicular (plasma cell) malignancies?
C-MAF
Cyclin-D3
What oncogenes are associated with interfollicular malignancies?
Cyclin-D1
Myc
What oncogenes are associated with follicular malignancies?
Bcl-2, Bcl-6
What defines the extent of clinical involvement?
staging
What B-cell lymphoproliferative conditions manifest in the peripheral blood, BM and lymph nodes?
Chronic lymphocytic Leukemia
Small lymphocytic lymphoma
Where does follicular lymphoma manifest?
peripheral blood, BM and lymph nodes
Where does Burkitt’s lymphoma present?
GI tract*
Lymph nodes
BM
What disorder is derived from the most mature forms of B cells, mostly inactive memory B?
CLL
some in marginal zone
What is the clinical presentation of CLL/SLL?
Lymphocytosis in older males
with a high familial incidence
What is the morphology of peripheral blood in CLL/SLL?
“smudge”cells
- small lymphocytes
- little cytoplasm
- mature, dense chromatin
What is the morphology of lymph nodes in CLL/SLL?
- “Pseudofollicular”: slighter larger cells undergoing DNA synth and mitosis
- loss of normal architecture
What are the deletions associated with CLL/SLL?
del13 del11 del17 (p53 deletion)
(*trisomy 12 is another possible cause)
What clinical predictors (prognosis) are associated with CLL/SLL?
Markers of somatic hypermutation
- ZAP-70 expression (bad)
- CD38 expression (bad)
Genetics:
- 17p deletion (bad)
- 13q deletion (good)
> 30% smudge cells (good)
increasing fraction of immature prolymphocytes (bad)
Immunophenotype associated with: CLL/SLL
CD5, CD23, (weak CD20), light chain restricted
*light chain restricted = only kappa or lambda
Clinical presentation of mantle cell lymphoma
Lymphadenopathy and/or Lymphocytosis in older males.
might look like CLL
What sites are involved in mantle cell lymphoma?
Lymph nodes > bone marrow, spleen, peripheral blood, GI tract
What is the morphology of peripheral blood in mantle cell lymphoma? Lymph node morphology?
Peripheral blood: small lymphocytes, little cytoplasm; “smudge”cells
Lymph node: Usually homogeneous effacement, ‘starry sky’
What is a major difference between mantle cell lymphoma and CLL morphology? Which is more aggressive?
no proliferation centers in the lymph nodes in MCL
MCL is more aggressive
What are genetic abnormality is associated with mantle cell lymphoma? How is it detected?
t(11;14)(q13;q32) (IgH;Cyclin D1)
–cyclin D1 is overexpressed, which pushes the cell from G1 to S phase
ALWAYS seen BY FISH
Immunotyping associated with mantle cell lymphoma:
Light chain restricted (kappa or lambda)
CD5
CD20
(negative for CD23)
What is an important clinical predictor of mantle cell lymphoma?
mitotic rate, detected by Ki-67 immunostain
Plasma cell neoplasms are common is what age group?
elderly
How does a mild form of plasma cell neoplasm present? Severe form?
Mild:
- asymptomatic
- monoclonal gammopathy of uncertain significance (MGUS)
- increased total protein on labs with Rouleaux on periph smear
Severe: lytic bone lesions, pain, fractures, renal failure
(lytic bone lesions = plasma cell myeloma)
What effect do increased plasma cells have on bone?
erode bone, leaving radiologically evident bone lesions
Immunophenotype of plasma cell neoplams:
CD38
CD138
light chain restricted
(CD19 and CD20 are negative)
T/F: If/when MGUS progresses to multiple myeloma, patients survive ~3-4 years.
T
What genetic abnormalities are associated with plasma cell neoplasms?
Translocation of IgH to various oncogenes (dx with FISH)
Trisomies of odd numbered chromosomes
What are negative clinical predictors associated with plasma cell neoplasms?
Serum beta 2 microglobulin t(4;14) FGFR3 t(14;16) C-MAF t(14;20) MAFB del 17p (p53)
Overexpression of what protein is associated with failure of germinal center B cells to apoptose?
Bcl-2
What lymph node morphology is associated with follicular lymphoma?
- Enlarged lymph node with many follicles
- no cell polarity
- no tingible-body macrophages (no apoptosis of B cells)
- fewer mitotic figures
How does follicular lymphoma present?
- Lymphadenopathy in older individuals
- Can be otherwise asymptomatic
- may involve BM or peripheral blood
- 30% eventually become diffuse large Bcell lymphoma
Most common genetic abnormality associated with follicular lymphoma:
t(14;18)
*Bcl-2/IgH
Immunophenotype associated with follicular lymphoma
CD19+ CD20+ CD10+ BCL-2 (90%) BCL-6 (85%)
How is follicular lymphoma graded?
by how many large cells (centroblasts) are present (**this predicts prognosis)
Grade 1: mostly centrocytes
Grade 3: mostly centroblasts
Immunophenotype of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma:
CD19+, CD20+, CD10+
How does diffuse large B-cell lymphoma present?
- Rapidly growing adenopathy
- elderly
- extranodal disease (GI tract, bone marrow, etc) in 40%
What genetic abnormalities are often associated with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma?
t(14;18)
t(v, 3q27)(v, BCL-6)
Hodgkin lymphoma’s clinical presentation:
- Males, age 30-50
- Localized or diffuse adenopathy
- Often involvement of cervical, mediastinal, or abdominal lymph nodes, and/or spleen
What morphology is associated with classical Hodgkin lymphoma?
- Reed/Sternberg cells (large mono- or binucleate cells with eosinophilic nuclei; likely horseshoe shaped)
- Diverse background cells
- May have collagenous bands
What morphology is associated with Nodular Lymphocyte Predominant Hodgkin lymphoma?
- Popcorn cells (lympho-histocytic L&H cells) instead of classic RS cells
- Mostly lymphocytes in background
What are 4 features of Reed-Sternberg cells?
- contain clonal, rearranged Ig V genes
- can’t be killed (due to constitutive NFkB expression, EBV, mutations in anti-apoptotic pathways)
- genetic instability (likely to keep mutating)
- no Ig expressin in/on cell
*these cells should die in germinal centers, but don’t
4 Morphology patterns associated with classical Hodgkin lymphoma:
- Nodular sclerosis pattern (bands)
- Mixed cellularity pattern (no bands)
- Lymphocyte rich pattern (lymphocyte rich)
- Lymphocyte depleted pattern (large # R-S cells)
Immunophenotype of classical Hodgkin lymphoma (R/S cells):
CD30
CD15
Pax5 (Bcell transcription factor)
(CD20 negative)
*these cells are too fragile for flow cytometry
T/F: Classical Hodgkin lymphoma usually has a very poor prognosis, even with treatment
F: curable with chemo and radiation
97% 10 yr survival
How are R-S cells in NLP and classical Hodgkin different?
NLP expresses Ig and other markers; they do NOT have the Ig promoter and transcription factor mutations
NLP has (like classical)
- genetic instability
- cant be killed (mutations, EBV, NFkB)
Immunophenotype of NLP Hodgkin lymphoma (L&H cells):
CD20+
PAX5
(CD30 and CD15 negative)
*L&H cells too fragile for flow cytometry
What is significant about the relationship between T cells and R/S cells in NLP Hodgkin?
T cells surround R/S cells
What may NLP Hodgkin progress to?
diffuse large B-cell lymphoma