Hematologic Malignancies I (part 2) Flashcards
What is the most common form of acute leukemia in adults?
AML
There are 14+ subtypes of AML. Four of these are classified by genetics alone, regardless of blast count. What are the three we need to know?
- t(8,21)(q22:q22): RUNX1-RUN1T1
- inv(16)(p13.1:q22) or t(16, 16)(p13.1:q22) CBFB-MYH11
- t(15,17)(q22;q12) PML-RARA
There are 14+ subtypes of AML. Four of these are classified by genetics alone, five are classified by different criteria. What is it?
5 subtypes with characteristic cytogenetic findings and >20% Blast count
What is AML with t(8,21)(q22:q22)?
Fusion protein of two transcription factors (RUNX1-RUN1T1). 5% of AML cases
It’s a dominant negative repressor of myeloid maturation
Is AML with t(8,21) class 1 or 2 mutant?
Class II that requires concurrent class I mutation
Does AML with t(8,21) present in kids or adults typically?
Younger pts/kids
What is the morphology of AML with t(8,21)?
Some maturation to myelocytes. Occasional crystallization of granule contents (Auer rods)
What is the immune phenotype of AML with t(8,21)?
CD34, HLA-DR+, CD13, CD33 weak
What is the prognosis of AML with t(8,21)?
Good response to chemo
What is AML with t(15,17)?
Fusion of two transcriptions factors PML with RARA (retinoic acid receptor). 5-8% AML cases
What is the result of the AML with t(15,17) fusion protein?
Dominant neg. blockade of normal RARA. Inhibits granulocyte differentiation
Why is AML with t(15,17) a good example of hoe genetics lead to clinical utility?
PML-RARA itself can be blocked with RA analogue (All Trans Retinoic Acid or ATRA) which results in ATRA inducing differentiation of the blasts to granulocytes -> Clinical Remission
What class mutation is AML with t(15,17)?
Class II that requires concurrent class I
What is the clinical presentation of AML with t(15,17)?
DIC. Severe thrombocytopenia
What is the morphology seen in AML with t(15,17)?
Big blasts, cleaved “bat wing” nuclei, many cytoplasmic granules, Auer rods in stacks
What is the immunophenotyping of AML with t(15,17)?
Weak/absent CD34, HLA DR, CD13, CD33
What is the prognosis of AML with t(15,17)?
Good, if diagnosis can be made
Can translocations to RARA from other places produce the same leukemia [AML with t(15,17)]?
Yes. BUT, they may not respond to ATRA
What is AML with inv(16) or t(16,16)?
Fusion protein of transcription factor (CBFB) with MYH11. 5-8% of AML cases
What class is AML with inv(16) or t(16,16) in?
Class II that probably requires concurrent class I
Does AML with inv(16) or t(16,16) present clinically in kids(younger pts) or adults?
Younger pts/kids
What is the morphology of AML with inv(16) or t(16,16)?
Mixed granuloctye-monocyte feature (myelomonocytic). Increased Eosinophils in blood and bone marrow
What is the immunophenotype of AML with inv(16) or t(16,16)?
CD34, CD17 (blasts), CD13, CD33 (granulocytes), CD14, CD11b (monocytes)
What is the prognosis for AML with inv(16) or t(16,16)?
Variably poor; optimal with high dose cytarabine