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MS2 - Infectious Disease > Helminths > Flashcards

Helminths Flashcards

1
Q

The pathology of helminth infections depends on _______________.

A

how many eggs you eat because helminths do not multiply inside you (except Stronyloides stercoralis)

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2
Q

How many people worldwide have a worm infection?

A

More than 1 billion (about 1/4 human beings)

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3
Q

Historically, helminth infections have been ignored because _______________.

A

there is usually no mortality; however, studies have shown that kids treated for worm infections have much better outcomes

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4
Q

Give a rundown on Ascaris lumbricoides.

A
  • Infects people by fecal-oral ingestion of eggs (no red boots on Lumber Man)
  • Can form pencil-thick worms up to one foot in the small intestine which can block the ileocecal valve (blocked tunnel)
  • Eggs can survive for ten years in the soil
  • Diagnosed by eggs in O&P
  • Treated with albendazole
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5
Q

Describe Whipworm.

A
  • Trichuriasis
  • Infects large intestine
  • Can cause bloody diarrhea from attachment site in mucosa
  • Small worms (~ 1 inch)
  • Can cause prolapsed rectum
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6
Q

Hookworms, Ascaris, and Strongyloides typically infect the _______________. Whipworm typically infects the ___________.

A

small intestine; large intestine

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7
Q

Infection with thousands of _________________ can lead to anemia because they suck blood.

A

hookworms (Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus)

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8
Q

Why was hookworm common in miners?

A

Miners would poop in mines and the worms would get on other people’s hands and feet.

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9
Q

Describe the pathophysiology of lymphatic filariasis.

A

Also called elephantiasis, lymphatic filariasis is caused by Wuchereria bancrofti. This organism forms microfilaria in the lymphatics that damages lymph drainage.

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10
Q

_____________ is one of the leading causes of blindness worldwide.

A

Onchocerciasis

300,000 people blind worldwide

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11
Q

Unlike the worms, the __________ stage of Onchocerca causes damage.

A

larval

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12
Q

True or false: one infection with Onchocerca volvulus can ultimately lead to blindness.

A

False. Typically, blindness is only caused by repeated infection.

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13
Q

Describe Trichinella.

A
  • Common in uncooked pork
  • Larva can reinfect people (like Strongyloids)
  • Ultimately infect muscles and forms cysts, leading to myalgia
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14
Q

Explain the “aircraft carrier in a bathtub” analogy.

A

Schistosoma are relatively large (up to 1 cm) and yet infect the blood vessels, which are small.

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15
Q

The _______________ form of Schistosoma infect snails.

A

larval

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16
Q

S. haemotobium lives in the ______________.

A

mesenteric veins of the bladder

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17
Q

What causes the pathogenesis in Schistosomiasis?

A

Egg deposition leading to tissue damage

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18
Q

Describe Taenia saginata and Taenia solium.

A

• T. saginata:
- From uncooked beef (cow beneath sagging tent)

•T. solium:

  • From uncooked pork (pig beneath tent with the sun on it)
  • Has mouth hooks (like the hooks on the tent)
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19
Q

Taenia, even large ones, are relatively ____________.

A

asymptomatic

20
Q

Which life stage of Taenia causes problems in humans?

A

Larval stage (which can seed the brain)

21
Q

What is the name of the cestode species that causes hydatid cysts?

A

Echinococcus

22
Q

Describe the tapeworm that is transmitted by uncooked fish.

A
  • Diphyllobothrium latum (guy DYing to get to the BaTHRooM)
  • Longest tapeworm (like the long piece of toilet paper)
  • Treated with niclosamide and praziquantel (nickel bathroom and guy eating pretzel)
  • Can cause B12 deficiency (like the “you must B 12 to buy fireworks” sign)
23
Q

What is the most common helminth infection worldwide?

A

Ascaris

24
Q

Give a geographic rundown on the most common helminths by area.

A
  • Border region: Echinococcus
  • Appalachia: Ascaris and Strongyloides
  • Mississipi delta: Toxocara and Ascaris
  • Rural and tribal areas: Trichinella and Echinococcus
  • Eskimos: Trichinella
25
Q

Only the __________ Ascaris eggs are infective.

A

fertilized

26
Q

How do people get infected with Tricuris?

A

Ingestion of embryonated eggs

27
Q

Which helminth can alternate as a parasite or free-living organism?

A

Strongyloides

28
Q

What’s the big difference between the life cycles of Strongyloides and Necator?

A

The eggs of Strongyloides hatch in the intestine, while those of Necator hatch in the feces.

29
Q

A curious feature of Strongyloides is that _____________ are never seen in the host.

A

males

30
Q

_______________ can be fatal in immunosuppressed people, so it is important to diagnose and treat these cases.

A

Strongyloides stercoralis

31
Q

River blindness is caused by what organism?

A

Onchocerca volvulus

32
Q

The ___________ of Onchocera cause the symptoms.

A

larvae

33
Q

The “cysts” in Trichinosis are actually ______________.

A

encrusted larvae secreted from the adults in the small intestine

34
Q

Why does Dracunculus emerge from the skin?

A

It drops its eggs into water to be eaten by another copepod.

35
Q

Who helped eradicate Guinea worm?

A

Jimmy Carter

In 1982, there were 3.5 million cases per year. After long-term water education and filtration, this has been reduced to less than 25 last year.

36
Q

How do snails get infected with Schistosoma?

A

The miracidia form penetrates snail tissue.

37
Q

Once infected in a human, how do Schistosoma get eggs back into the environment?

A

By laying eggs in the circulation that pass to the liver and get excreted in bile

38
Q

S. japonicum lodges in the mesenteric veins of the ______________, while S. mansoni lodges in the mesenteric veins of the ___________.

A

large intestine; small intestine

Japonicum is a larger word than mansoni.

39
Q

Humans get infected with Taenia by ingesting cysts. Pigs and cows get infected by ingesting ___________.

A

eggs

40
Q

Which is larger, T. saginata of T. solium?

A

T. saginata

41
Q

Cysticercosis only occurs with T. ___________.

A

solium (which is why the pig is closer to the carousel)

42
Q

Neurocysticercosis only occurs from ingested __________.

A

embryonated eggs

43
Q

What pathology leads to the effects of Schistosoma?

A

Granulomas in the liver

44
Q

Tapeworms are often _____________.

A

asymptomatic

45
Q

Hydatid cysts can also appear in the _____________.

A

brain or lungs

MS2 - Infectious Disease (57 decks)

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