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Endo/Repro: Week 4 > Hellkatz: Female Reproductive Cycle > Flashcards

Hellkatz: Female Reproductive Cycle Flashcards

1
Q

What is the purpose of mitosis in oogenesis?

A

Create a larger pool of primary oocytes (46, 2N)

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2
Q

What is the purpose of Meiosis in oogenesis?

A

ONE of the primary oocytes develops into a secondary oocyte (23, 2N) and is ovulated per month (ready for fertilization)

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3
Q

When is the second meitotic division completed?

A

after fertilization

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4
Q

What stimulates meiosis 1 and the development of primary follicles into secondary follicles?

A

LH surge

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5
Q

What is recruitment?

A

During the final stage of development 6-8 follicles are recruited to get bigger, the largest wins and is ovulated while the rest undergo atresia.

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6
Q

What hormones are dominant in the follicular phase?

A

estrogen (increased)

progesterone (decreased)

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7
Q

What hormones are dominant in the luteal phase?

A

Increased progesterone

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8
Q

What happens to the graafian follicle once ovulation occurs?

A

Graafian follicle (granulosa cells and theca cells) undergoes transformation to luteal cells and produces PROGESTERONE (key indicator of luteal phase)

*if pregnancy occurs, progesterone production increases until the placenta takes over

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9
Q

What happens to the corpus luteum if pregnancy doesn’t occur?

A

CL regresses and the cycle repeats

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10
Q

What is folliculogenesis?

A

The growth of primordial follicles to pre-ovulatory follicles. Follicles in develop in cohort but only one is ovulated.

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11
Q

What is a primordial follicle?

A

primary oocytes surrounded by follicular cells (granulosa and theca cells)

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12
Q

What are all the oogonia at birth?

A

primary oocytes (all you got for a life time!)

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13
Q

What happens to primordial follicles during a lifetime?

A

Most progress to primary follicles until they’re all exhausted….that’s menopause.

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14
Q

What is cyclic recruitment?

A

antral follicles that are rescued by FSH

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15
Q

What is the Graafian follicle?

A

The dominant follicle is the largest and produces the most hormones and develops LH receptors. It becomes the ovulatory follicle and ruptures in response to a surge in LH.

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16
Q

What promotes follicle development and LHR synthesis?

A

FSH

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17
Q

What promotes estrogen synthesis?

A

FSH/LH

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18
Q

Describe the normal state of the HPOA.

A 
Hourly GnRH pulses>
FSH/LH basal secretion>
estrogen>
NFB on pituitary>
reduces FSH/LH secretion
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19
Q

What happens to estrogen close to ovulation?

A

HIGH estrogen state that feeds bake positively

Antral follicles produce HIGH levels of estrogen>
induces rapid GnRH pulses>
increased FSH/LH

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20
Q

What does inhibin do?

A

Inhibits FSH but not LH>

leading to the LH surge

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21
Q

Where is GnRH produced?

A

Arcuate nucleus of the Hypothalamus

10 AA polypeptide

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22
Q

What type of membrane protein does GnRH signal through?

A

Targets gonadotrophs>
Membrane G protein coupled protein Gq>
activates PLC>
DAG, IP3

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23
Q

Why is the manner that GnRH is secreted important?

A

Pulsatile (can use it as a fertility treatment)

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24
Q

What are the gonadotropins of the AP?

A

FSH (folliclular growth, estradiol secretion)

LH (critical for inducing ovulation, ovulation is required for formation of CL)

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25
Q

What gonadotropin is targeted for contraception?

A

LH

26
Q

What gonadotropin is formed in the placenta?

A

hCG

27
Q

What maintains the corpus luteum in the first trimester keeping progesterone and estrogen levels high? What happens later in pregnancy?

A

hCG

Placenta takes over steroidogenesis/pregnancy maintenance

28
Q

What distinguishes gonadotropins?

A

They’re all glycoprotein hormones with identical alpha subunits but different beta subunits

29
Q

What happens to serum concentrations of gonadotropins with removal of the ovaries or menopause?

A

serum concentrations INCREASE

30
Q

What type of receptors respond to Gonadotropins?

A

Gs protein copuled

31
Q

What does LHGCR/LHR bind?

A

both LH and hCG

32
Q

What does the ovary require for steroidogenesis?

A

both LH and FSH

33
Q

What stimulates thecal cells around the follicles to produce progesterone and androgens?

A

LH

34
Q

What happens to androgens produced in thecal cells?

A

Diffuse across the basement membrane to the granulosa cell layer where FSH stimulates aromatize to convert them to estrogens (mainly estradiol 17B.

35
Q

What estrogen receptor mediates the HPO axis response to estrogen?

A

ER alpha

36
Q

Describe the ovarian cycle.

A
  1. Small pulses of LH/FSH stimulate folliclular growth and secretion of ovarian steroid hormones
  2. High estrogen levels increase GnRH pulses>
    LH surge> Ovulation
  3. Ovulation induces leutinization> formation of hte corpus luteum> produces high levels of progesterone and estrogen
  4. If fertilization doesn’t occur> spontaneous luetolysis of corpus luteum> decrease in progesterone/estrogen levels
37
Q

What do hormonal contraceptives do?

A

Suppress LH surge

38
Q

Provokes uterine growth, predominant steroid PRIOR to ovulation

A

Estrogens

39
Q

Maintain metabolic activity in the uterus, predominant steroid AFTER ovulation

A

Progestins

40
Q

Thickens/proliferation of endometrium
Development of glands from cuboidal to pseudostratified
Stroma/vessel growth
Tenfold increase in uterine lining

A

Estrogens

41
Q

Halts further growth of endometrium

Secretions from glands

A

Progesterone

42
Q

What leads to the maternal RECOGNITION of pregnancy?

A

chorion production of hCG that promotes the maintenance of the corpus luteum> progesterone and estradiol

43
Q

What leads to MAINTENANCE of pregnancy?

A

placenta production of hormones (hPL, inhibin, estrogen, PROGESTERONE)

44
Q

Blastocyst in uterus

A

Days 4-5

45
Q

Implantation leading to rise of hCG and maintenance of corpus luteum

A

Days 5-9

46
Q

How long does hCG maintain the corpus luteum?

A

3-4 mos until placenta becomes primary source of PROGESTERONE which is required for preg maintenance

47
Q

What is used as a pregnancy indicator?

A

Urinary hCG (esp after 1 week)

48
Q

When is the greatest likelihood of miscarriage?

A

At the end of the first trimester when transition occurs and uterine dependence shifts from ovarian to placental steroids

49
Q

What hormonal shift occurs with parturition?

A

Shift from P>E dominance to E> P dominance

50
Q

What happens during pregnancy when P>E?

A

Progesterone>

  1. hyperpolarization of myometrial cells preventing contraction
  2. inhibits oxytocin
  3. Inhibits ER synthesis
  4. Promotes storage of PG syth enzymes
51
Q

What happens during delivery when E>P?

A
  1. Increase OT receptors
  2. Uterine contractility
  3. Uterine ripening
  4. Increased PG release form placenta>myometrial contracitons
  5. Oxytocin release form PP> stronger myometrial contractions
52
Q

What’s responsible for mild Braxton Hicks contractions during preganncy?

A

PG (Produced in placental unit)

53
Q

What induces smooth muscle contraction and is positively autoregulated?

A

Oxytocin

54
Q

What is mammogenesis?

A

Development of epithelial duct tree (estrogen, glucocorticoids, GH dependent)

55
Q

What stimulates lobular alveolar growth?

A

progesterone

prolactin

56
Q

What happens in lactognesis I?

A

lobular alveolar growth in mid to late pregnancy

57
Q

What happens in lactogenesis II?

A

post partum onset of copious milk secretion that comes with the fall of progesterone after delivery (dependent on prolactin)

58
Q

What maintains lactation?

A

Prolactin/removal of milk

59
Q

What leads to milk ejection?

A

oxytocin

60
Q

What leads to involution?

A

lack of prolactin

Endo/Repro: Week 4 (14 decks)

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