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Y1 Cardiovascular > Heart Failure > Flashcards

Heart Failure Flashcards

1
Q

what is heart failure?

A

state in which the heart is unable to pump blood at a rate that meets the requirement of the tissues

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2
Q

name some common causes of heart failure

A 
CHD
hypertension
diabetes
dilated cardiomyopathy
valve disease
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3
Q

how does heart failure present?

A 
SOB
difficulty breathing at night 
reduced exercise tolerance
fatigue
tiredness
peripheral oedema
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4
Q

what are some possible findings suggestive of fluid overload in heart failure?

A

raised JVP
crackles in the lungs
gallop rhythm
peripheral oedema

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5
Q

what is the most useful diagnostic test when looking for a cause of heart failure?

A

ECG

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6
Q

what are some signs of fluid accumulation in the lungs on CXR?

A

cardiomegaly
perihilar congestion
kerley B lines
pleural effusion

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7
Q

what is the preferred method for looking at cardiac dysfunction at rest?

A

transthoracic ECHO (TTE)

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8
Q

what is the ejection fraction (EF)?

A

the percentage of blood pumped out of the heart during each beat

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9
Q

what is a normal EF?

A

> 50%

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10
Q

what is heart failure with EF <40% called?

A

heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF)

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11
Q

what is heart failure with normal EF called?

A

heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF)

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12
Q

what is BNP?

A

a cardiac hormone produced by the ventricles

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13
Q

what can happen to BNP levels in heart failure?

A

elevated

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14
Q

how can BNP be used to rule out heart failure?

A

normal = not heart failure

<150

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15
Q

what lifestyle changes should be implemented in heart failure?

A

water + salt restriction
exercise
up to date vaccinations
mental health support

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16
Q

what 5 drugs prolong survival in heart failure?

A 
ACEi/ARB
beta blockers
aldosterone antagonists 
vasodilators
ivabradine
17
Q

how should beta blockers be given in heart failure?

A

start at a low dose and titrate up to the highest tolerated dose

18
Q

name two aldosterone antagonists that may be given for heart failure

A

spironolactone

eplerenone

19
Q

name two vasodilators that may be given for heart failure

A

hydralazine

nitrates

20
Q

when are vasodilators given for heart failure?

A

when ACEi and ARBs are not tolerated

21
Q

what is the MoA of ivabradine?

A

sinus node blocker

If channel modulator

22
Q

name two drugs that can improve symptoms in heart failure

A

digoxin

furosemide

23
Q

what is LVSD?

A

left ventricular systolic dysfunction

24
Q

what drugs should be offered to all patients with LVSD?

A

ACEi

beta blockers

25
Q

what does a deep S wave on ECG suggest?

A

left bundle branch block

26
Q

what does a tall R wave on ECG suggest?

A

right bundle branch block

Y1 Cardiovascular (22 decks)

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