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Y1 Cardiovascular > Control of Arterial Blood Pressure > Flashcards

Control of Arterial Blood Pressure Flashcards

1
Q

what is blood pressure?

A

the outwards hydrostatic pressure exerted by blood on the blood vessel walls

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2
Q

what is systolic blood pressure?

A

the pressure exerted by blood when the heart contracts

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3
Q

what is diastolic blood pressure?

A

the pressure exerted by blood when the heart relaxes

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4
Q

what value is considered to be hypertension?

A

clinic BP over 140/90 AND daytime average of over 135/85

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5
Q

what is pulse pressure?

A

the difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressures

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6
Q

what is the normal range for pulse pressure?

A

between 30 and 50 mmHg

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7
Q

what is the mean arterial blood pressure (MAP)?

A

the average arterial blood pressure during a single cardiac cycle

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8
Q

how is MAP calculated?

A

MAP = (2diastolic + systolic)/3

OR

diastolic + 1/3pulse pressure

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9
Q

what is the normal range for MAP?

A

70-105mmHg

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10
Q

what is MAP of at least 60mmHg needed for?

A

to perfuse the coronary arteries, brain and kidneys

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11
Q

what is MAP equal to?

A

cardiac output (CO) x systemic vascular resistance (SVR)

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12
Q

what is the cardiac output?

A

the volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute

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13
Q

how can cardiac output be calculated?

A

CO = stroke volume (SV) x heart rate (HR)

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14
Q

what is stroke volume?

A

the volume of blood pumped by each ventricle of the heart per heart beat

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15
Q

what is systemic vascular resistance?

A

the sum of the resistance of all the vasculature in the systemic circulation

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16
Q

which vessel is the major resistance vessel?

A

the arterioles

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17
Q

what is the baroreceptor reflex important for?

A

the moment-moment regulation of blood pressure, including prevention of postural changes

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18
Q

what causes postural hypotension?

A

failure of the baroreceptor response to gravitational shifts in blood when standing up

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19
Q

what is another name for postural hypotension?

A

orthostatic hypotension

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20
Q

what indicates postural hypotension?

A

a drop in SBP of at least 20mmHg when standing with/without symptoms

OR

a drop in DBP of at least 10mmHg with symptoms

21
Q

what is total body fluid?

A

intracellular fluid + extracellular fluid (ECF)

22
Q

what is ECFV?

A

extracellular fluid volume

23
Q

what are the two main factors that affect ECFV?

A

water excess/deficit

sodium excess/deficit

24
Q

name three hormones/hormone systems that regulate ECFV

A 
RAAS
natriuretic peptides (NPs) 
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
25
Q

what does altering ECFV affect?

A

blood volume and blood pressure

26
Q

what does RAAS stand for?

A

the renin angiotensin aldosterone system

27
Q

what are the three main components of RAAS?

A

renin
angiotensin
aldosterone

28
Q

where is renin released from?

A

the kidneys

29
Q

what does renin do?

A

stimulates formation of angiotensin I from angiotensinogen in the blood

30
Q

what produces angiotensinogen?

A

the liver

31
Q

what happens to angiotensin I?

A

converted to angiotensin II by ACE

32
Q

what is ACE and where is it made?

A

angiotensin converting enzyme

the pulmonary vascular endothelium

33
Q

what does angiotensin II do?

A

stimulates release of aldosterone

causes vasoconstriction

34
Q

where is aldosterone released from?

A

the adrenal cortex

35
Q

what is aldosterone?

A

a steroid hormone

36
Q

what does aldosterone do?

A

acts on the kidneys to increase sodium and water retention

37
Q

what is the rate limiting step in RAAS?

A

renin secretion

38
Q

where is renin secreted from in the kidneys and what cells here release it?

A

the juxtaglomerular apparatus

granular cells

39
Q

what are natriuretic peptides (NPs)?

A

peptide hormones synthesised by the brain and heart

40
Q

when are NPs released?

A

in response to cardiac distension or neurohormonal stimuli

41
Q

what do NPs cause?

A

excretion of salt and water in the kidneys

decreases BP

42
Q

what is renin released in response to?

A

decreased blood pressure

RAAS aims to increase it

43
Q

what are the two main types of NPs released by the heart?

A

atrial NP

brain type NP

44
Q

what is another name for ADH?

A

vasopressin

45
Q

what is ADH?

A

a peptide hormone derived from a prehormone precursor, synthesised by the hypothalamus

46
Q

what stimulates secretion of ADH?

A

reduced ECVF

increased ECF osmolality

47
Q

what does ADH act on and what does it do?

A

the kidney tubules

increases reabsorption of water

48
Q

what effect does ADH have on blood vessels?

A

causes vasoconstriction

Y1 Cardiovascular (22 decks)

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