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CPR Midterm > Heart Development > Flashcards

Heart Development Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two sources of mesenchyme in the outflow tract?

A

NCC : ectoderm

Endocardial Cushion tissue : splanchnic mesoderm

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2
Q

What causes a persistence of the AV canal?

A

failure of AV septum to form from lack of migration of ECT

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3
Q

What does a persistent of the AV canal result in and what is strongly linked with it?

A
  • ASD and VSD as cushion tissue from AV septum contributes to fibrous portion of both
  • abnormal Genesis of AV valves
  • Down’s syndrome
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4
Q

What is the consequence of having of persistent AV canal?

A
  • pulmonary hypertension
  • intolerance to exercise
  • SOB
  • cardiac congestion
  • increase risk of endocarditis
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5
Q

What is the occurrence of atrial septal defects?

who does it affect more : male or female?

A

6:10,000

female 2:1

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6
Q

What are the 3 causes of atrial septal defects?

Which is most common?

A

1) Ostium 2 / high atrial septal defect
2) Common atria (no septa formed)
3) Ostium 1 / low atrial septal defect

high atrial is more common

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7
Q

What happens to cause a high atrial septa defect?

A

1) Excessive absorption of septum 1 forms and overly large osmium 2

OR

2) inadequate development of septum 2

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8
Q

What causes a low atrial septal defect ?

A

-failure of upgrowth of the AV cushion tissue from AV septum and DMP fail to fill in osmium 1

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9
Q

What is the occurrence of Ventricular septal defects?

A

12-15/10,000

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10
Q

What is the major cause of ventricular septal defects ?

A

failure to close via inadequate/abnormal fibrous tissue

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11
Q

What is required to get complete interventricular separation?

A

1) fusion of the conotruncal ridges
2) fusion of the ridges with the AV septum
3) down growth of ECT from the AV septum

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12
Q

Describe blood flow of VSD and how it relates to cyanosis

A

Starts : ACYANOTIC : L->R shunt ; eventually pressure build b/c of RV hypertrophy so now have R -> L shunt

Ends : CYANOTIC ; R -> L shunt

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13
Q

What is the occurrence of persistent trunks arteriosus?

A

1/10,000

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14
Q

What causes persistent truncus arteriosus?

What does it result in?

A
  • failure of formation and fusion of the conotruncal ridges
  • pulmonary a. and aortic valve share common opening into both ventricles
  • pulmonary a. further up on truncus
  • mix of O2 and deOs blood
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15
Q

What are the consequences of persistent truncus arteriosus?

A
  • pulmonary congestion
  • VSD
  • CYANOSIS (due to RV hypertrophy)
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16
Q

What causes tetralogy of Fallout ?

What 4 things does it result in?

A

conotruncal ridges form off center and unequal

1) VSD (missing fibrous portion)
2) pulmonary a. stenosis
3) overriding aorta (open to both ventricles)
4) cyanosis (RV hypertrophy) (R->L shunt)

17
Q

What is the most common cause of cyanosis at birth?

A

Tetralogy of Fallout

18
Q

What causes pulmonary valvular atresia?

What occurs in response to the atresia?

A

-fusion of pulmonary valves leading to RV hypo-trophy

  • > patent foramen ovalis = get blood from R -> L
  • > patent ductus arteriosus = get blood to lungs
19
Q

What is aortic valvular stenosis?
What causes it?
How many people does it affect and male or females more?

A
  • narrowing of the aortic valve
  • 1) congenital 2) infection (rheumatic fever) 3) degenerative
  • 1-2% of population
  • males 4:1 females
20
Q

What is aortic valvular atresia?

What is its consequence?

A

-aortic valve fused and LV is underdeveloped

1) wide ductus arteriosus (get blood to L side and systemic)
2) RV hypertrophy fetally
3) after birth : ASD allows blood to enter RA and Ductus arteriosus to systemic

21
Q

What is Bicuspid Aortic Valve?

What is its consequence?

A

2 rather than 3 leaflets due to fusion of 2 of them (1-2% population)

  • regurgitatoin or later stenosis
  • eventual LV hypertrophy
22
Q

What is having a bicuspid aortic valve associated with?

A

aortic aneurysm

23
Q

What is tricuspid atresia?

A

-obliteration of right AV orifice (tricuspid valve)

24
Q

What are the consequences of Tricuspid atresia?

A

1) patent foramen ovalis (get blood to systemic)
2) VSD (sometimes)
3) Underdevelped RV
4) LV hypertrophy
5) patent ductus arteriosus (get blood to pulmonary)

25
Q

What is a hypoplastic Left Ventricle ?

A

2-3/10,000

-LV is underdeveloped w/ absent bicuspid and aortic valves

26
Q

What are the consequences of a hypoplastic LV?

A
  • underdeveloped ascending aorta
  • patent ductus arteriosus (blood to systemic)
  • patent foramen ovals (from lungs to R side)

-Heart works univentricularly)

27
Q

What is transplantation of the great vessels?

consequence?

A

5/10,000
-conotruncal ridges fail to spiral

-Aorta w/ RV and pulmonary a. with LV

28
Q

Are those with transplantation of the great vessels able to survive?

A

Yes, b/c of ASD,VSD, and patent ductus

keep ductus arteriosus open for exchange via prostaglandin inhibitors

CPR Midterm (13 decks)

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