HEART AND NECK VESSELS Flashcards
1
Q
o a highly complex system that includes the heart
and a closed system of blood vessels.
A
Cardiovascular system
2
Q
Heart located in the middle of the thoracic cavity
between the lungs in the space called the
A
mediastinum.
3
Q
- Heart extends vertically from the ___ intercostal space (ICS) and horizontally
from the
A
left second to the left fifth
right edge of the sternum to the left
midclavicular line (MCL).
4
Q
- Heart inverted
A
cone
5
Q
- Heart The upper portion, near the left second
ICS, is the
A
base
6
Q
- Heart The lower portion, near the left fifth ICS
and the left MCL, is the
A
apex
7
Q
- the anterior chest area that overlies the heart
and great vessels
A
Precordium
8
Q
The ___ side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs for gas
exchange (pulmonary circulation);
A
right
9
Q
the ___ side of the
heart pumps blood to all other parts of the body (systemic
circulation).
A
left
10
Q
the left side of the
heart pumps blood to all other parts of the body
A
(systemic
circulation).
11
Q
The right side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs for gas
exchange
A
(pulmonary circulation);
12
Q
- large veins and arteries leading directly to
and away from the heart
A
Great vessels
13
Q
- exits the right ventricle, bifurcates, and
carries blood to the lungs
A
Pulmonary artery
13
Q
- return blood to the right
atrium from the upper and lower torso respectively
A
Superior and Inferior Vena Cava
14
Q
- (two from each lung) return oxygenated
blood to the left atrium
A
Pulmonary veins
15
Q
- transports oxygenated blood from the left ventricle
to the body
A
Aorta
16
Q
- right and left sides of the heart are separated by
a partition.
A
Septum
17
Q
Heart consists of four chambers or cavities:
two upper chambers,
A
the right and left atria, and
18
Q
Heart consists of four chambers or cavities:
two lower chambers,
A
the right and left
ventricles.
19
Q
The ___ ventricle is thicker than the ____ ventricle because of the heart has a greater workload.
A
LEFT
20
Q
o located at the entrance into the ventricles.
A
Atrioventricular (AV) valves
21
Q
o Collagen fibers, anchor the AV valve flaps to
papillary muscles within the ventricles
A
Chordae tendineae
21
Q
o located at the beginning of the ascending aorta as
it exits the left ventricle.
A
- Aortic valve
22
Q
▪ composed of three cusps or flaps and is
located between the right atrium and the
right ventricle
A
Tricuspid valve
23
▪ composed of two cusps or flaps and is
located between the left atrium and the
left ventricle
▪ composed of two cusps or flaps and is
located between the left atrium and the
left ventricle
24
o located at the exit of each ventricle at the
beginning of the great vessels.
* Semilunar valves
25
o located at the entrance of the pulmonary artery as
it exits the right ventricle and the
* Pulmonic valve
26
Semilunar
These valves are _ during ventricular contraction and
___ from the pressure of blood when the ventricles relax.
open, close
27
o tough, inextensible, loose-fitting, fibroserous sac
that attaches to the great vessels and, thereby,
surrounds the heart.
* Pericardium
28
o A serous membrane lining
o secretes a small amount of pericardial fluid that
allows for smooth, friction-free movement of the
heart
* Parietal pericardium
29
same type of serous membrane covers the outer
surface of the heart
* Epicardium
30
o thickest layer of the heart
o made up of contractile cardiac muscle cells
Myocardium
31
o Thin layer of endothelial tissue that forms the
innermost layer of the heart and is continuous with
Endocardium
32
o located on the posterior wall of the right atrium
near the junction of the superior and inferior vena
cava
Sinoatrial (SA) node (or sinus node)
33
Sinoatrial (SA) node (or sinus node)
with inherent rhythmicity, generates impulses (at a
rate of ____per minute) that are conducted
over both atria, causing them to contract
simultaneously and send blood into the ventricles.
60 to 100
34
AV node located in the
lower interatrial
septum.
35
The electrical impulse then travels down the right and left
bundle branches and the Purkinje fibers in the
myocardium of both ventricles, causing them to contract
almost simultaneously.
36
Although the SA node functions as the
“pacemaker of the
heart,”
37
Bundle of His (with an inherent
discharge of ____ per minute),
40 to 60
37
Electrical impulses, , which are generated by the ___ node
and travel throughout the cardiac conduction circuit, can be
detected on the surface of the skin.
SA
38
Electrical impulses, This electrical activity can be measured and recorded by
electrocardiography (ECG, aka EKG)
39
o records the depolarization and repolarization of
the cardiac muscle
electrocardiography (ECG, aka EKG)
40
the phases of the ECG are known as
P, Q, R, S,
and T.
41
– Atrial depolarization; conduction of the impulse
throughout the atria.
P wave
42
– Time from the beginning of the atrial
depolarization to the beginning of ventricular
depolarization, that is, from the beginning of the P wave to
the beginning of the QRS complex.
–PR interval
43
Ventricular depolarization (also atrial
repolarization); conduction of the impulse throughout the
ventricles, which then triggers contraction of the ventricles;
measured from the beginning of the Q wave to the end of
the S wave.
QRS complex
43
– Period between ventricular depolarization
and the beginning of ventricular repolarization. T wave –
Ventricular repolarization; the ventricles return to a resting
ST segment –
44
– Total time for ventricular
depolarization and repolarization, that is, from the
beginning of the Q wave to the end of the T wave; the QT
interval varies with heart rate.
QT interval
45
May or may not be present; if present, it follows
the T wave and represents the final phase of ventricular
repolarization.
U wave.
46
refers to the filling and emptying of the
heart’s chambers.
* Cardiac cycle
47
(relaxation of the ventricles, known as
filling)
Diastole
48
(contraction of the ventricles, known as
emptying).
Systole
49
Diastole endures for approximately ____ of
the cardiac cycle and systole is the remaining ____
two-thirds
one-
third.
50
o early, rapid, passive filling
* Early or Protodiastolic filling
51
Closure of the ___ valves produces the first heart sound
(S1), which is the beginning of systole.
AV
51
o final active filling phase is
o “atrial kick.”
o this action raises left ventricular pressure.
Presystole, atrial systole
52
Heart sounds are produced by
valve closure
52
The ____ of valves is silent.
opening
53
Normal heart sounds, characterized as____ (S1 and
S2).
“lub dubb”
53
the AV valves
This valve
closure also prevents blood from flowing backward (a
process known as ____) into the atria during
ventricular contraction.
regurgitation
54
correlates with the beginning of systole
First heart sound
(S1)
55
S1 (“lub”) is usually heard as one sound but may
be heard as two sounds. If heard as two sounds,
the first component represents ___ closure
(), and the second component represents
______
Mitral valce
tricuspid closure (T1).
56
results from closure of the semilunar valves (aortic
and pulmonic) and correlates with the beginning of
diastole.
Second heart sound (S2)
57
If S2 is heard as two sounds, the first component
represents ___valve closure and the
second component represents ____ valve
closure
aortic , pulmonic
58
A2 occurs first because of increased pressure on
the left side of the heart and because of the route
of .
myocardial depolarization
59
referred to as diastolic filling sounds or extra
heart sounds, which result from ventricular
vibration secondary to rapid ventricular filling.
S3 and S4
60
S3 is often termed
ventricular gallop,
61
S4 is called
atrial gallop.
62
the amount of blood pumped by the ventricles
during a given period of time (usually 1 min)
* Cardiac output (CO)
63
The normal
adult cardiac output is ___
5 to 6 L/min.
64
The degree of stretch of the heart muscle up to
a critical length before contraction
(preload);
64
amount of blood pumped from the heart with each
contraction
Stroke volume
65
(stroke volume from the left ventricle is
usually ___ mL).
70
66
The pressure against which the heart muscle
has to eject blood during contraction
(afterload);
67
the vessels of the neck: the
carotid artery and
the jugular veins.
67
____ veins return blood to the heart from the head
and neck by way of the superior vena cava.
jugular
68
Two sets of jugular veins
▪ lie deep and medial to the
sternocleidomastoid muscle
o internal jugular veins
69
Two sets of jugular veins
▪ more superficial; they lie lateral to the
sternocleidomastoid muscle and above
the clavicle.
o external jugular veins
70
* Components of the jugular venous pulse follow:
—reflects rise in atrial pressure that occurs
with atrial contraction
a wave
71
* Components of the jugular venous pulse follow:
—reflects right atrial relaxation and
descent of the atrial floor during ventricular systole
x descent
72
* Components of the jugular venous pulse follow:
—reflects right atrial filling, increased
volume, and increased atrial pressure
v wave
73
Traditional Areas of Auscultation
second intercostal space at the right
sternal border—the base of the heart
Aortic area
73
* Components of the jugular venous pulse follow:
—reflects right atrial emptying into the
right ventricle and decreased atrial pressure
y descent
74
Traditional Areas of Auscultation
– third to fifth intercostal space at the left
sternal border
Erb’s point
75
Traditional Areas of Auscultation
– second or third intercostal space at
the left sternal border—the base of the heart
Pulmonic area
76
Traditional Areas of Auscultation
– fifth intercostal space near the left
mid-clavicular line—the apex of the heart
* Mitral (apical) –
77
Traditional Areas of Auscultation
– fourth or fifth intercostal space at
the left lower sternal border
Tricuspid area
78
(cardiac chest pain)
▪ a sensation of squeezing around the
heart; a steady, severe pain; and a sense
of pressure.
▪ radiate to the left shoulder and down the
left arm or to the jaw.
Angina
79
Dizziness may indicate decreased blood flow to
the brain due to
myocardial damage
80
(the inability to breathe while supine)
Orthopnea
80
▪ develops after exposure to group A beta-
hemolytic streptococci
▪ results in inflammation of all layers of the
heart, impairing contraction and valvular
function.
Rheumatic carditis
