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quizzes > 15 > Flashcards

15 Flashcards

1
Q

The first two lines of defense are

specific
nonspecific

A

nonspecific

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2
Q

these are
ways in which the body attempts to destroy all types of
substances that are foreign to it, including pathogens.

A

The first two lines of defense

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3
Q

what is The third line of defense,

A

the immune response, is very specific.

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4
Q

special proteins called ____ are usually
produced in the body in response to the presence of foreign
substances.

A

antibodies

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5
Q

These foreign substances are called __
because they stimulate the production of specific
antibodies;

A

antigens

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6
Q

antigens means

A

“antibody-generating”

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7
Q

are general and
serve to protect the body against many harmful substances.

A

Nonspecific host defense mechanisms

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8
Q

Although certain helminth infections ______ are acquired by penetration of the skin by
parasites

A

(e.g., hookworm infection and schistosomiasis)

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8
Q

the third line of defense as

A

acquired immune responses

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9
Q

serves as a
nonspecific host defense mechanism by flushing organisms
from pores and the surface of the skin

A

Perspiration

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9
Q

They refer to the second line of defense as

A

innate immune responses

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9
Q

Also, the acidity
_____ and temperature _____ of the skin inhibit the
growth of pathogens.

A

(pH ∼5.0). (<37°C),

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10
Q

The oily sebum that is produced by
sebaceous glands in the skin contains ___, which are
toxic to some pathogens.

A

fatty acid

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10
Q

is a protein that binds iron, a
mineral that is required by all pathogens.

A

Lactoferrin

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11
Q

serves as a nonspecific host defense
mechanism by trapping pathogens.

A

Sticky mucus

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11
Q

Perspiration also
contains the enzyme,_____ which degrades
peptidoglycan in bacterial cell walls (especially Grampositive bacteria).

A

lysozyme,

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11
Q

As previously mentioned,
lysozyme destroys bacterial cell walls by degrading their

A

peptidoglycan

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12
Q

is an enzyme that produces superoxide
radicals, highly reactive forms of oxygen, which are toxic to
bacteria.

A

Lactoperoxidase

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13
Q

To a certain extent, the following factors protect the
gastrointestinal (GI) tract from bacterial colonization and
are, therefore, considered to be nonspecific host defense
mechanisms:

A

Digestive enzymes
Acidity of the stomach (pH ∼1.5)
Alkalinity of the intestines

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14
Q

, which is secreted from the liver into the small
intestine, lowers the surface tension and causes chemical
changes in bacterial cell walls and membranes that make
bacteria easier to digest.

A

Bile

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14
Q

Sticky mucus
It also contains toxic
substances, such as

A

lysozyme, lactoferrin, and
lactoperoxidase.

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15
Q

and the
expulsion of feces serve to remove bacteria from the
intestine.

A

Peristalsis

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16
Q

Bacteria make up about

A

30% to 50% of feces.

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17
Q

Conditions that obstruct urine flow

A

(e.g., benign prostatic hyperplasiaa) also increase the
chances of developing cystitis.

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18
Q

serve to remove pathogens from
the GI tract and urinary tract, respectively.

A

Peristalsis and urination

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19
Q

When indigenous microbiota prevents the establishment
of arriving pathogens, it is known as

A

microbial
antagonism.

20
Q

This
overgrowth or “population explosion” of organisms is called
a

A

superinfection

21
Q

A superinfection of Candida albicans
yeasts in the vagina may lead to the condition known as

A

yeast vaginitis.

22
Q

A superinfection of Clostridium difficile
bacteria in the colon may lead to

A

C. difficile–associated
diseases such as antibiotic-associated diarrhea and
pseudomembranous colitis.

23
Q

Some bacteria produce proteins that kill other bacteria;
collectively, these antibacterial substances are known as

A

bacteriocins

24
Q

Some bacteria produce proteins that kill other bacteria;
collectively, these antibacterial substances are known as
_____.

A

bacteriocins

25
Q

what is a glycoprotein synthesized in the liver, has a
high affinity for iron.

A

Transferrin,

26
Q

Substances that
stimulate the production of fever are called

A

pyrogens or
pyrogenic substances.

27
Q

what is that is produced by certain white blood cells,
is an example of an endogenous pyrogen

A

Interleukin 1 (IL1), a cytokine

28
Q

these are small, antiviral proteins produced by
virus-infected cells.

A

Interferons

29
Q

The three known
types of interferon, referred to as

A

alpha (α), beta (β), and
gamma (γ) interferons,

30
Q

α-Interferon is produced by

A

B lymphocytes (B
cells), monocytes, and macrophages;

31
Q

but rather a group of
approximately 30 different proteins (including 9 proteins
designated as C1 through C9) that are found in normal
blood plasma. These proteins make up what is called

A

“the
complement system”—

31
Q

β-interferon, by

A

fibroblasts and other virus-infected cells

32
Q

γ-interferon,
by activated

A

T lymphocytes (T cells) and natural killer cells

33
Q

The
proteins of the complement system, sometimes collectively
referred to as complement components, interact with each
other in a stepwise manner, known as the

A

complement
cascade.

34
Q

is a process by which phagocytosis is
facilitated by the deposition of opsonins, such as
antibodies or certain complement fragments, onto the
surface of particles or cells.

A

Opsonization

35
Q

One of
the products formed during the complement cascade,
called

A

C3b, is an opsonin.

36
Q

Plasma levels of molecules collectively referred to as ______ increase rapidly in response to infection,
inflammation, and tissue injury.

A

acutephase proteins

37
Q

They serve as host defense
mechanisms by enhancing resistance to infection and
promoting the repair of damaged tissue.

A

acutephase proteins

38
Q

are chemical mediators that are released from
many different types of cells in the human body.

A

Cytokines are

39
Q

They
enable cells to communicate with each other. They act as
chemical messengers both within the immune system
(discussed in Chapter 16) and between the immune system
and other systems of the body

A

Cytokines

40
Q

An increase in the diameter of capillaries
_____), which increases blood flow to the site

A

(vasodilation

41
Q

The three major events in acute inflammation are

A

vasodilation, increased permeability of the capillaries, and
escape of leukocytes from the capillaries.

42
Q

The accumulation of fluid, cells, and cellular debris at
the inflammation site is referred to as an

A

inflammatory
exudate

43
Q

If the exudate is thick and greenish yellow,
containing many live and dead leukocytes, it is known as a
____ or pus

A

purulent exudate

44
Q

Although most pus is greenish
yellow, the exudate is often bluish green in infections
caused by

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

45
Q

The two most important groups of phagocytes in the human
body are_____ ; they are sometimes
called “professional phagocytes” because phagocytosis is
their major function.

A

macrophages and neutrophils

46
Q

serve as a “cleanup
crew” to rid the body of unwanted and often harmful
substances, such as dead cells, unused cellular secretions,
debris, and microbes.

A

Macrophages

47
Q

The three major categories of leukocytes found in blood
are

A

monocytes, lymphocytes, and granulocytes.

48
Q

are named for the prominent cytoplasmic
granules that they possess.

A

Granulocytes

49
Q

Phagocytic granulocytes
include

A

neutrophils and eosinophils.

50
Q

also
known as polymorphonuclear cells, polys, and PMNs) are
much more efficient at phagocytosis than eosinophils

A

Neutrophils (

51
Q

An
abnormally high number of eosinophils in the peripheral
bloodstream is known as

A

eosinophilia.

52
Q

a third type of granulocyte,
are also involved in allergic and inflammatory reactions,
although they are not phagocytes.

A

Basophils

53
Q

what macrophages are those that leave the bloodstream and migrate to infected
areas are called

A

wandering macrophages

54
Q

(also known as histocytes or histiocytes)
remain within tissues and organs and serve to trap foreign
debris.

A

Fixed
macrophages

55
Q

Macrophages are extremely efficient phagocytes.
They are found in tissues of the

A

reticuloendothelial
system (RES

56
Q

Four Steps in Phagocytosis

A

Chemotaxis
Attachment
Ingestion
. Digestion

quizzes (11 decks)

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