Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology Mock 🧠🦎🌿 > Heart and Blood > Flashcards

Heart and Blood Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

the circulatory system is?

A

a system of tubes with a pump and valves to ensure one-way flow of blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

why is it called double circulation?

A

blood passes through the heart twice for each complete circulation of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

right side:

A

collects deoxygenated blood from the body and pumps it to the lungs under relatively low pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

left side:

A

the oxygenated blood then returns from the lungs to the left side of the heart, where the pressure of the blood is raised in order to pump it to all organs of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

advantages of a double circulation

A
  • oxygenated is seperate from deoxygenated: septum ensures complete seperation
  • the blood pressure in systemic circulation can be higher than that in the pulmonary circulation.
    • the left ventricle has a thicker wall due to more muscle so it pumps blood under higher pressure to the organs. this means metabolites such as nutrients and oxygen can reach the tissues faster which will speed up all metabolic processes, enhancing heat generation or muscle movement.
    • the right ventricle has a thinner wall to pump blood under a lower pressure to the lungs to avoid lung damage. is pulmonary pressure was equal to systemic, the tissues in the lungs would be damaged as tjey need to be very thin.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

systemic

A

body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

pulmonary

A

lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

right side of heart

A

collects deoxygenated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

left side of heart

A

pumps oxygenated to body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

blood is pumped away from the heart into_______ and the blood returns in ________

A

arteries (a away)

veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are coronary arteries used for?

A

provide heart muscle with oxygen and glucose as cardiac muscle does not tire

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

the two upper chambers are called the ______. the two lower chambers are called the ______

A

atria (a above)

ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

the right atrium receives blood from the _______ ______. the left atrium receives blood from the ________ ________.

A

vena cava

pulmonary vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what do the bicuspid and tricuspid valves fo?

A

prevent backflow of blood, ensuring blood flows only from the atria to the ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

the right ventricle pumps blood into the _____

the left ventricle pumps blood into the ________.

A

pulmonary artery

aorta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what do the semilunar valves do?

A

they allow blood to move upwards into the arteries from the ventricles but prevent blood from flowing in the opposite direction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

why is the blood in the aorta under higher pressure than in the pulmonary artery?

A

the wall of the LV is much thicker than the RV as it needs to pump blood around the body. so the blood in the aorta is under higher pressure as it carries blood under high pressure around the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

heart: to and from

A

to heart: vena cava and pulmonary vein

from heart: pulmonary artery and aorta

19
Q

lungs: to and from

A

to lungs: pulmonary artery

from lungs: pulmonary veins

20
Q

kidneys to and from

A

to kidney: renal artery

from kidney: renal vein

21
Q

describe coronary heart disease

A
  • coronary arteries supply blood containing glucose and oxygen to the heart muscles
  • if a coronary artery gets blocked the cardiac muscle runs short of oxygen
  • this blockage is called CHD
  • the cardiac muscle cannot respire—> no energy to contract and pump blood
  • the heart stops beating: heart attack/cardiac arrest
22
Q

cause of CHD: poor diet with too much saturated fat

A
  • saturated fat can be converted into cholesterol which builds up in the arteries.
  • individuals with hereditary high levels of blood cholesterol are more prone to developing CHD
23
Q

cause of CHD: smoking

A
  • nicotine damages the heart by reducing the elasticity of blood vessels
24
Q

stress:

A

stress causes and increase of blood pressure: can result in fatty materials depositing in arteries

25
Q

genetic predisposition:

A

DNA determines the size of the arteries, so characteristics of the heart are passed onto the offspring

26
Q

age CHD

A

the risk of coronary heart disease increases with age. about 80% of people who die of CHD are 65 or above

27
Q

gender:

A

mainly affects men of 45/55

women during menopause rarely suffer as the hormone oestrogen protects them

28
Q

explain the effect of physical activity on the heart rate

A
  • during exercise muscle cells must contract so they require more energy. so they need more glucose and oxygen per minute.
  • the heart rate must increase to provide cells with more glucose and oxygen and to remove tje co2 produced during exercise

normal heart rate is about 70 beats a minute

the rate becomes lower the fitter you are

29
Q

artery structure

A
  • thick tough wall with muscles and elastic tissue // to withstand and maintain blood pressure (prevents bursting)
  • narrow lumen // maintains high blood pressure
  • valves absent /// none needed as high pressure prevents backflow of blood
30
Q

vein structure

A
  • thin wall with less muscles and elastic tissue// allows muscles to exert pressure on the veins
  • wide lumen // allows great volume of blood to pass and reduces resistance to blood flow

valves present // prevent backflow of blood

31
Q

capillary structure

A

permeable wall (one cell thick) no muscle or elastic tissue // allows diffusion of materials between capillary and surrounding tissue.

pores in the wall allow white blood cells to exit

luman approximately one red blood cell wide // narrow lumen allows blood cells to pass thru slowly and increases oxygen diffusion from red blood
cell

32
Q

red blood cells function

A

red due to haemoglobin which binds to oxygen so the red blood cell can transport oxygen to the tissues

33
Q

white blood cell function

A

fight infection vy phagocytosis and antibody production

34
Q

platelets

A

cause blood clotting

35
Q

plasma

A

transport of blood cells, ions, soluble nutrients, hormones and carbon dioxide.

NC BISH

36
Q

antibody production:

A
  • all cells have proteins on their surface called antigens
  • lymphocytes recognize foreign antigens on foreign cells (such as bacteria) and make antibodies against them
  • a different antibody is used for each antigen
  • some antibodies make bacteria clump together in preparation for action by phagocytosis
37
Q

tissue rejection:

A
  • transplants involve replacing a damaged organ with a donor organ
  • however lymphocytes detect the foreign antigens of the donor organ and make antibodies to it
  • the donor organ is rejected as antibodies fight the foreign tissue
    - the donor organ needs to be from similar tissue (3‘e.g from a relative)
    - immunosuppressive drugs are user, which switch off the bodys immune response
  • however the drawback of these drugs are that the patient needs to be kept in isolation as they are at the risk of dying from any diseases they are exposed to.
38
Q

phagocytosis

A

phagocytes have the ability to move out of capillaries to the site of infection

they then engulf and ingest the infecting pathogens and kill them by digesting them

39
Q

features of alveoli

A
  • large surface are so that a lot of gas particles can be exchanged at one time
  • they are in contact with a dense network of capillaries for quick exchange of gases
  • thin wall —> short diffusion distance
  • well ventilated —> high diffusion gradients are maintained for gas exchange
40
Q

role of goblet cells, mucus, ciliated cells

A

goblet cells produce a sticky substance called mucus which traps pathogens and particles in the inhaled air

the ciliated cells then waft this mucus with the trapped pathogens and particles upwards to the throat where it is then swallowed

41
Q

smoking can cause

A

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease COPD

CHD

lung cancerw

42
Q

nicotine

A

a small chemical which diffuses across the alveoli into the blood in the blood plasma to all parts or the body

it causes narrowing if the coronary arteries, increases blood pressure, addiction

43
Q

carbon monoxide

A

this is a gas which diffuses across the alveoli into the blood in the capillaries. it binds to haemoglobin in the red blood cells and therefore reduces the amount of oxygem which the RBC can transport. therefore the body cells receive less oxygen so they cannot respire normally, leading to tiredness.

44
Q

tar

A

goblet cells produce a abnormally thick mucus. it also paralyses the cilia so mucus trickles down into the alveoli causing a lung infection and breathing problems

it also leads to coughing which damages the alveoli thus interfering with gas exchange

Biology Mock 🧠🦎🌿 (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions