Heart

Question 1

What is the only place with pectinate muscle in the left atrium?

Answer 1

the left auricle

Question 2

what are the three layers of the pericardium

Answer 2

fibrous
serous:
- parietal
- visceral

Question 3

What does the pericardial cavity do?

Answer 3

reduces friction, enabling heart to move and beat

Question 4

Why is the fibrous pericardium inelastic?

Answer 4

to protect against overfilling of heart and/or pericardial cavity

Question 5

What are the pericardial sinuses? What are the two names?

Answer 5

Reflections of parietal and visceral serous pericardium

Transverse and Oblique

Question 6

Where is the apex of the heart found?

Answer 6

the left 5th intercostal space

Question 7

what occupies the cardiac notch of the left lung?

Answer 7

the pulmonary surface of the heart (left ventricle)

Question 8

What are the three surfaces of the heart

Answer 8

Sternocostal - anterior
Diaphragmatic - inferior
Pulmonary - left

Question 9

What is found in the cardiac grooves and sulci?

Answer 9

vessels

Question 10

Where is the tricuspid valve?

Answer 10

between right atrium and right ventricle

Question 11

The cusps of the tricuspid valve attach to ______ ______ which anchors to __________ which provides _________ __________

Answer 11

Chordae Tendinae

Papillary muscle

Structural support

Question 12

Where is the conus arteriosus found?

Answer 12

right ventricle

Question 13

where is the moderator band found and what does it do?

Answer 13

right ventricle

passes electrical signals to right ventricle (needed because wall is thin)

Question 14

what makes the rough walls of the left and right ventricles?

Answer 14

Trabeculae carneae

Question 15

How many pulmonary veins are there?

Answer 15

Four

Question 16

what separates the left atrium from the ascending aorta?

Answer 16

the aortic semilunar valve

Question 17

Where is the mitral (bicuspid valve) found?

Answer 17

between the left atrium and left ventricle

Question 18

interior portion of the interventricular septum is_______

superior portion of the interventricular septum is ______

Answer 18

Muscular

Membranous

Question 19

Three parts of cardiac skeleton

Answer 19

Tendon of conus arteriosus
- aortic to pulmonary semilunar valves
Left fibrous trigone
- mitral valve to aortic semilunar valves
Right fibrous trigone
- AV valves to aortic semilunar valves

Question 20

the only branches off the ascending aorta

Answer 20

coronary arteries

Question 21

Branches of right coronary artery

Answer 21

Right marginal artery
Nodal artery
Posterior interventricular artery

Question 22

60% supply of SA node and supply of AV node

Answer 22

right coronary

Question 23

40% supply of SA node

Answer 23

left coronary

Question 24

Branches of left coronary artery

Answer 24

circumflex artery
Anterior interventricular artery/left anterior descending
- diagonal branch
Left marginal artery

Question 25

what is a right dominant heart?

Answer 25

the circumflex artery branches off the right coronary (rather than the typical left)

Question 26

All veins of the heart drain into the _______ _______

Answer 26

coronary sinus

Question 27

where is the coronary sinus found?

Answer 27

sits in the coronary sulcus

Question 28

what are the three cardiac veins?

Answer 28

Great Cardiac Vein Middle Cardiac Vein Small Cardiac Vein (anterior cardiac veins are smaller and few)

Question 29

Great cardiac vein runs with

Answer 29

anterior interventricular artery

Question 30

middle cardiac vein runs with

Answer 30

posterior interventricular artery

Question 31

small cardiac vein runs with

Answer 31

right marginal artery

Question 32

What does sinoatrial (SA) node do?

Answer 32

initiates impulse for contraction

Question 33

What does the atrioventricular (AV) node do?

Answer 33

collects impulses from atria and distributes to ventricles

Question 34

What does the AV bundle (bundle of His) do?

Answer 34

Divides into right and left bundle branches

Question 35

70-80 bpm when initiates impulse

Answer 35

SA node

Question 36

40-60 bpm when initiates impulse

Answer 36

AV node

Question 37

20-40 bpm when initiates impulse

Answer 37

AV bundle

Question 38

Five parts of the heart's conduction system:

Answer 38

``` SA node AV node AV bundle (bundle of His) Right and Left bundle branches Purkinje fibers (subendocardial fibers) ```

Question 39

What innervates the heart?

Answer 39

Cardiac plexus (sympathetic supply) Vagus nerve (parasympathetic supply)

Question 40

Cardiac plexus nerve levels

Answer 40

T1 - T4 (burning sensation down medial surface of left arm during MI in males)

Question 41

"Lub" is caused by

Answer 41

the closure of the AV valves (tricuspid and mitral valves)

Question 42

"Dub" is caused by

Answer 42

the closure of the semilunar valves

Question 43

heart sounds caused by

Answer 43

turbulence of the blood flow as a result of closures of the heart valves (think car window)

Question 44

inflammation of the pericardium; creates and audible friction rub sound

Answer 44

pericarditis

Question 45

heart compression due to increased fluid in the confined pericardial space

Answer 45

cardiac tamponade

Question 46

slow increase in heart size

Answer 46

cardiomegaly

Question 47

related to incomplete closure of foramen ovale

Answer 47

Atrial septal defects (ASD)

Question 48

membranous part of IV septum separates from the muscular part

Answer 48

Ventricular septal defects (VSD)

Question 49

narrowing of the valve cusps; can become fused

Answer 49

Pulmonary/Aortic stenosis

Question 50

failure of valve to close completely (due to nodule formation on the cusps)

Answer 50

Valvular insufficiency/regurgitation

Question 51

one or both leaflets are enlarged or "floppy" and extend back into left atrium

Answer 51

Prolapsed mitral valve

Question 52

pain in the substernal region and down the medial side of the left arm and forearm

Answer 52

angina pectoris (chest pain)

Question 53

occlusion of major artery by an embolus (can cause angina)

Answer 53

myocardial infarction

Question 54

lacking adequate blood supply

Answer 54

ischemia heart disease