Heart Flashcards
What is the only place with pectinate muscle in the left atrium?
the left auricle
what are the three layers of the pericardium
fibrous
serous:
- parietal
- visceral
What does the pericardial cavity do?
reduces friction, enabling heart to move and beat
Why is the fibrous pericardium inelastic?
to protect against overfilling of heart and/or pericardial cavity
What are the pericardial sinuses? What are the two names?
Reflections of parietal and visceral serous pericardium
Transverse and Oblique
Where is the apex of the heart found?
the left 5th intercostal space
what occupies the cardiac notch of the left lung?
the pulmonary surface of the heart (left ventricle)
What are the three surfaces of the heart
Sternocostal - anterior
Diaphragmatic - inferior
Pulmonary - left
What is found in the cardiac grooves and sulci?
vessels
Where is the tricuspid valve?
between right atrium and right ventricle
The cusps of the tricuspid valve attach to ______ ______ which anchors to __________ which provides _________ __________
Chordae Tendinae
Papillary muscle
Structural support
Where is the conus arteriosus found?
right ventricle
where is the moderator band found and what does it do?
right ventricle
passes electrical signals to right ventricle (needed because wall is thin)
what makes the rough walls of the left and right ventricles?
Trabeculae carneae
How many pulmonary veins are there?
Four
what separates the left atrium from the ascending aorta?
the aortic semilunar valve
Where is the mitral (bicuspid valve) found?
between the left atrium and left ventricle
interior portion of the interventricular septum is_______
superior portion of the interventricular septum is ______
Muscular
Membranous
Three parts of cardiac skeleton
Tendon of conus arteriosus
- aortic to pulmonary semilunar valves
Left fibrous trigone
- mitral valve to aortic semilunar valves
Right fibrous trigone
- AV valves to aortic semilunar valves
the only branches off the ascending aorta
coronary arteries
Branches of right coronary artery
Right marginal artery
Nodal artery
Posterior interventricular artery
60% supply of SA node and supply of AV node
right coronary
40% supply of SA node
left coronary
Branches of left coronary artery
circumflex artery
Anterior interventricular artery/left anterior descending
- diagonal branch
Left marginal artery
what is a right dominant heart?
the circumflex artery branches off the right coronary (rather than the typical left)
All veins of the heart drain into the _______ _______
coronary sinus
where is the coronary sinus found?
sits in the coronary sulcus
what are the three cardiac veins?
Great Cardiac Vein
Middle Cardiac Vein
Small Cardiac Vein
(anterior cardiac veins are smaller and few)
Great cardiac vein runs with
anterior interventricular artery
middle cardiac vein runs with
posterior interventricular artery
small cardiac vein runs with
right marginal artery
What does sinoatrial (SA) node do?
initiates impulse for contraction
What does the atrioventricular (AV) node do?
collects impulses from atria and distributes to ventricles
What does the AV bundle (bundle of His) do?
Divides into right and left bundle branches
70-80 bpm when initiates impulse
SA node
40-60 bpm when initiates impulse
AV node
20-40 bpm when initiates impulse
AV bundle
Five parts of the heart’s conduction system:
SA node AV node AV bundle (bundle of His) Right and Left bundle branches Purkinje fibers (subendocardial fibers)
What innervates the heart?
Cardiac plexus (sympathetic supply)
Vagus nerve (parasympathetic supply)
Cardiac plexus nerve levels
T1 - T4 (burning sensation down medial surface of left arm during MI in males)
“Lub” is caused by
the closure of the AV valves (tricuspid and mitral valves)
“Dub” is caused by
the closure of the semilunar valves
heart sounds caused by
turbulence of the blood flow as a result of closures of the heart valves (think car window)
inflammation of the pericardium; creates and audible friction rub sound
pericarditis
heart compression due to increased fluid in the confined pericardial space
cardiac tamponade
slow increase in heart size
cardiomegaly
related to incomplete closure of foramen ovale
Atrial septal defects (ASD)
membranous part of IV septum separates from the muscular part
Ventricular septal defects (VSD)
narrowing of the valve cusps; can become fused
Pulmonary/Aortic stenosis
failure of valve to close completely (due to nodule formation on the cusps)
Valvular insufficiency/regurgitation
one or both leaflets are enlarged or “floppy” and extend back into left atrium
Prolapsed mitral valve
pain in the substernal region and down the medial side of the left arm and forearm
angina pectoris (chest pain)
occlusion of major artery by an embolus (can cause angina)
myocardial infarction
lacking adequate blood supply
ischemia heart disease
