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Neuroanatomy > Hearing and Balance Pathways > Flashcards

Hearing and Balance Pathways Flashcards

1
Q

What does the primary auditory pathway begin with?

A

The inner hair cells in the cochlea

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2
Q

Where do the afferent neurons terminate?

A

The cochlear nuclei in the pons

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3
Q

How many cochlear nuclei are there?

A

4- 2 dorsal and 2 ventral

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4
Q

Where are the dorsal cochlear nuclei located?

A

One either side of the midline

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5
Q

What are the dorsal cochlear nuclei mainly concerned with?

A

Tone

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6
Q

Where do most of the dorsal cochlear nuclei output neurons project to?

A

The contralateral inferior colliculus

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7
Q

What are the Ventral cochlear nuclei mainly concerned with?

A

Intensity

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8
Q

Which nerve fibres input into the anterior VCN?

A

fast Type 1 nerve fibres

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9
Q

What are the subtypes of bushy cells?

A

2- Spherical BC and Globular BC

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10
Q

Where do most of the anterior VCN project to?

A

The superior olivary nucleus through the trapezoid body

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11
Q

What does the superior olivary complex comprise of?

A

Three primary nuclei- medial superior olivary, lateral superior olivary and medial nucleus of trapezoid body

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12
Q

What is the MSO sensitive to?

A

time difference in arrival of sounds from different ears

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13
Q

What is the LSO sensitive to?

A

the difference in sound intensity between the ears

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14
Q

What are the lateral lemnisci formed from?

A

From fibres arising from dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei and from the superior olivary nuclei

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15
Q

Where does the lateral lemniscus terminate?

A

The central nucleus of the inferior colliculus

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16
Q

Where does the lateral lemniscus send contralaterals to?

A

Cranial Nerves CNV (trigeminal) and CNVII (facial nerve)

17
Q

Where are the inferior colliculi located?

A

Either side of the midline in the lower brain

18
Q

What connects the inferior colliculi to the mediate geniculate body of the thalamus?

A

The inferior brachium

19
Q

What is the medial geniculate body?

A

The specific thalamic nucleus . for hearing

20
Q

Where do fibres of the Medial Geniculate Nucleus travel to?

A

The primary auditory cortex in temporal lobe

21
Q

What does the primary auditory cortex respond to?

A

Auditory stimuli within the contralateral sound field

22
Q

Why does lateral lemniscus send fibres to nuclei of trigeminal and facial nerves?

A

These nerves supply tensor tympani and stapedius- muscles exert dampening action on ossicles of middle ear to dampen loud noise

23
Q

What is the startle response mediated by?

A

Outputs from reticular formation to spinal cord and to motor nucleus of facial nerve- sudden loud noises causes subject to flinch e.g. alarm clock

24
Q

What do fibres entering the medial longitudinal fasciculus mediate?

A

Head turning reflex

25
Q

Where does the balance pathway begin?

A

1st order neurons in semicircular canals

26
Q

Where is the vestibular nuclei located?

A

In the pons

27
Q

What is the function of the lateral vestibulospinal tract?

A

Keeps centre of gravity between feet

28
Q

Which muscle reacts when a person vocalises normally to reduce sound intensity?

A

Stapedius

29
Q

Unexpectedly loud noises cause reflex stimulation of nuclear groups controlling which muscles?

A

Stapedius and tensor tympani

30
Q

What is the tectospinal tract involved in?

A

Coordination of head and eye movements

31
Q

Where is primary auditory cortex located?

A

Anterior two transverse gyri of temporal lobe (gyri of Heschl)

32
Q

How many vestibular nuclei are there in the lower medulla and pons?

A

4- superior, inferior, medial and lateral

33
Q

What is function of medial vestibular nucleus?

A

Contributes fibres to ipsilateral medial longitudinal fasiculus- integrates movements directed by gaze-centre and generates some head-turning reflexes

34
Q

What is the vestibulo-ocular reflex?

A

Reflex eye movement that stabilises images on retina during head movement by producing eye movement in opposite direction to head movement

Neuroanatomy (17 decks)

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