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Biology Of Ageing Year2 > Healthy Ageing > Flashcards

Healthy Ageing Flashcards

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1
Q

How much is life expectancy increasing by in the uk?

A

2 years every decade or around 5 hours each day.

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2
Q

What is the main indicator of population health?

A

Life expectancy

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3
Q

What is death?

A

An unequivocal endpoint.

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4
Q

What is health?

A

State of physical, mental and social well being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

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5
Q

What is healthy ageing?

A

Needing no assistance nor having difficulty on any of 13 activity measures plus little or no difficultly five performance measures.

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6
Q

What is gerontology?

A

The study of biological, psychological and social aspects of ageing.

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7
Q

What is heterogeneity?

A

Complexity of ageing.

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8
Q

What are the concept of biological age predictors?

A

Telomere length.

Epigenetic clock.

Transciptomic predictors.

Metabolomics predictors.

Composite biomather predictors.

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9
Q

What is the epigenetic clock?

A

DNA methylation

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10
Q

What is an example of a transcriptomic predictors?

A

IL-6
Serum
Albumin.

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11
Q

What is an example for a metabolomics predictors?

A

Protein glycosylation.

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12
Q

What is the definition of successful ageing?

A

Low probability of disease related disability.

High physical and cognitive functioning

Active engagement with life.

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13
Q

What is optimal ageing?

A

Selective optimization with compensation (soc-model)

Ageing Asa changing balance between gains and losses over the life span.

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14
Q

What is healthy / active ageing?

A

Process of optimisingopportunites for health, participation and security in order to enhance quality of life.

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15
Q

What behaviours and lifestyle that reduces the risk of chronic diseases (ncd)?

A

Physical activity
Healthy diet
Avoiding excess alcohol
Non-smoking

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16
Q

What are the WHO recommendations for healthy ageing?

A
  1. Reduces the risk of chronic diseases (ncd).
  2. Early detection and proper management of ncd
  3. Supportive environment to older adults with disabilities.
  4. Environment for active ageing adults beyond healthcare.
  5. Combat negative stereotypes about ageing.
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17
Q

What is incidence?

A

New cases of disease (usually expressed per 1000 people).

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18
Q

What is prevalence?

A

Amount of disease in a population

New cases and existing

Usually expressed as a percentage.

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19
Q

What are some of poor health in late life?

A

Multiple long-term conditions (mltc) or multimorbidity.

Presence of ageing syndromes.

Risk of dependency.

Polypharmacy.

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20
Q

What are the 5 Is (ageing gaints)?

A

Immobility
Incompetence
Incontinence
Impaired homeostasis
Iatrogenic disorders

21
Q

What are the issues with ageing syndromes?

A

Don’t fit into a discrete disease category.

Share multiple risk factors

Involve several systems.

22
Q

What is the design of the newcastle 85+ study methods?

A

Assessed in normal place of residence
Trained research nurses
At a baseline of 18 months, 3 years and 5 years.

23
Q

What were the detailed mult-dimensional assessments of the Newcastle 85+ study?

A

Interviewed with questionnaires.

Functional investigations

Bloods for health, nutrition and ageing biomarkers.

24
Q

What is considered physical functioning?

A

Great prognostic value of functional statues in late life.

25
Q

What is physical functioningmeasured by?

A

Activities of daily living (adl)?

26
Q

What are considered basic Adls?

A

Washing
Dressing
Getting to the toilet
Getting out of bed.

27
Q

What is considered instrumental activities of daily living?

A

Shopping
Laundry
Housework.

28
Q

How many activities of daily living (adl) are there?

A

17

29
Q

What is mobility disability?

A

Having one or more of self-reported difficulties to get around the house, go up and down stairs and walk at least 400 yards.

30
Q

What is mental functioning measured by?

A

Mini-mental state examination scale (mmse)

31
Q

What is the mini-mental state examination scale?

A

30 questions covering orientation, short and long term memory.
30 max score, high cognitive function.

32
Q

How many people 85 5t are in care homes?

A

75%

33
Q

How much muscle do you lose during ageing?

A

25% of muscle cross sectional area (csa) loss between 2nd and 7th decade.

34
Q

How much muscle strength do humans lose per year?

A

2-4% loss of muscle strength per year.

35
Q

How is muscle strength assessed?

A

Hand grip strength

36
Q

What is a whole food approach?

A

Milk for skeletal muscle health.

37
Q

What happens in ageing muscles?

A

Oxidative stress and accumulation of reactive oseygen and nitrogen species

38
Q

Why is milk important in myoprotectivity?

A

Milk-derived bioactive peptides, lipids, and fatty acids & minerals have anti-oxidative properties.

39
Q

What are chronological age?

A

Real age.

40
Q

What is biological age?

A

Following biomarkers and comparing to others.

41
Q

What is the issue with interviewing old people about ageing?

A

Old people convince themselves into thinking they age really well.

Often if they are preforming badly at an activity they will just avoid it rather than admit they struggle with it.

42
Q

What is the issue with calculating incidence?

A

Would have to follow the cohort for a really long time.

43
Q

What is dementia?

A

An umbrella term for all disease which affect the part of the brain responsible for memory.

44
Q

Which sex has a higher chance of developing dementia?

A

Women have a slightly higher rate/chance of developing dementia.

45
Q

Which sex is more likely have a stroke?

A

Men are more likely have strokes, prevalence goes with age.

46
Q

Which sex is more likely to get arthritis?

A

Women prevalence for arthritis is much larger than that of men. There is a huge peak in this at old age.

47
Q

What do prevalence graphs assume?

A

That there is no cure for the disease being looked at.

48
Q

Who came up with ageing giants?

A

Sir Bernard Isaac.

49
Q

How many ageing biomarkers were traced in the Newcastle 85+ study?

A

75

Biology Of Ageing Year2 (23 decks)

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