health - medieval Flashcards
what happened in the dark ages
galen and hippocrates’ writings were destroyed or hidden
who saved these writings
islamic ppl
what did the christian church think about medicine
thye thought people were ill because they sinned
phrase that sums up christian attitudes towards medicine
care not cure
islam phrase that sums up attitudes towards medicine
for every disease, allah has given us a cure
how did they used to see is you were sick in medieval times x4
talking ot them, urine smell and colour, taking pulse, miasma
waht were the four humours
hippocrates’ creation, they needed to be balanced e.g blood, phlegm, poopq
how was englnads public health in the medieval era?q
bad, towns were built around rivers which were used as otilets as well as sanitation, cesspits of poop
how could you cancel miasma in medieval england
put head 2x a dayin animal poop
medieval treatments x6
herbs, the supernatural, blood letting (leeches), egestion - laxitives, wise old village woman, barber surgeons, the church
what was surgery like in medieval englaf
bad- unlicensed barber surgeons would perform surgeries as surgons werent porffessionalised.
who was the first surgeon
john of ardene
what was john ardenes survival rate
over 50%
what did john of ardene do as a job
war surgeon
what did jogn of ardebe contribbute
due to the war- he made an anaesthetic made of hemlock, opium, henbone == less need for cauterisation
when was the black death
1347
how was the black death worsened
when people were buried in shallow graves - this meant that wild animals spread the infectious bodies so the virus spread
what were treatments for the black death x4
to drink mercury, to shave a chicken and strap buboes, flee, quarantine, flagellation.
why was the black death so terrifying
people contracted it and died quickly, they usually died within the day
how many people in europe died from the black death
1/3
where was public health better in medieval times
monasteries and abbies
why was public health better in monasteries and abbeys x5
they lived more rurally, had better saniation, more money, better diets,
hat were the consquences of black death 3x
inflation = starvation = peasants need more money = peasants revolt
what did priests do around the time of the black death
thye deserted villages
what did galen discover
arteries
how many hospitals were opened from 1000-1500
700
why did the church like galen’s ideas and why was it then hard to develop and criticise his ideas
the church liked galen’s ideas because he suggested god made the body and everything perfect solely, so if your body was defected and different it is your fault as god made everything perfect blah blah blah, as monotheistic, so people who wanted to criticise his works would be by extension criticising the church
robert bacon did this and was arrested for saying experimentation was important
islamic things set up
in 805, Caliph al-Rashid set up a hospital in Baghdad with a medical school and library
hospitals called bimaristans were set up in many Islamic cities to care for all
Ibn al-Nafis did what
1213-1288
he was the first to describe how blood circulated around the body via the lungs, galen thought it just went right to left, his books not read in the west, ignored
it would be 1618 when William Harvey discovered this in England
what was used in medieval times as anaesthetic
hemlock or opium
Abulcasis
a muslim surgeon who wrote a book in 1000, invented 26 new instruments, and made cauterisation popular which increased survival rates massively as they wouldn’t bleed out
mondino what did lad do
in 1316 he wrote anothornia which was a textbook about dissection , and was the one used for like 200 years, dissections were now used in most universities
when were bitchers stopped from puttign stuff on the streets like dead intestines and that
1330
why was religion as a whole bad for the development of medicine
it didnt allow dissection
questioning ideas seems like questioning authority and
how did people attempt to cure their illnesses
to stop miasma and its effect they put their heads in toilet waste to cancel out the miasma
how many physicians were there in 1300
100
what did hippocrates do
made the hippocratic oath which proffessionalised early medicine
what law was passed in 1309
40p fine fro dumping
when was 40p fine for dumping passed
1309
when was 40p fine for dumping passed
1309
example of a medieval mental hospital
bedlam
who was roger bacon
arrested for questioning galens ideas adn saying experimentation should be used to develop medicine
how was the black death heightened
shallow graves
close contact, living in squalor
no media to disprove theories
poop on street
economic impacts of black death
food prices x4
inflation
more sheep farmers
social impacts of black death
1/3 of europe died
lead to the end of the feudal system and peasants revolt
cultural impacts of black death
catholic church’s power decreased as the clergy could not cure away the black death and were dying
they deserted villages
political impacts of the blakc death
1551 Statute of Labourers - set a maximum wage limit to stop protests and forbade peasants from seeking new masters
1581 Peasants revolt rebellion + end of feudal system
what were
muck farmers
gong farmers
transport waste out of city
drain cleaners
example of a large medieval hospital
st leonard’s in york
what was underfoot made of
mud, dung, animal entrails, beer, urine
hwo many children died before age 7
30%
how many hospitals were started between 1000-1500
700
how many physicians were there in 1300
less than 100
what did hugh of lucca and his son theodoric do
questioned galen’s ideas that pus wasnt good
dressed wounds in wine to stop infections
worked at bologna university in italy
alchemy explain
the medieval chemical science and speculative philosophy whose aims were the transmutation of the base metals into gold, the discovery of a universal cure for diseases.
was used in Islamic nations and meant the creation of distillation, sublimation techniques and even drugs such as benzoin
how long did doctors have to train in oxford and cambridge
7 years
when were butchers not allowed inside city walls
1381
what law was passed in 1381
butchers weren’t allowed to operate within city walls
what did the town of gloucester try to do in the black death
close off the city as they belived the disease was spread by human contanct
who were flagellents
people who were whipped in public to show god their repentance for being ill and being sinners
what happened in january 1349 due to the black death
king edward closed parliament
what law was passed in 1310
scourign of animal furs was banned in main streets
when was scourign of animal furs banned in main streets
1310
what happened to cemeteries in the black death
thye were built further from towns as they believed the dead bodies gave the disease
how else did people ward off disease - charms
powdered unicorn horns
when did john of arderne make hsi anaesthetic and what was it made of
1376 made of henbane hemlock and opium
what did physicians carry around to stop miasma
posies and oranges
when did the black death arrive in England
1348
