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health - medieval Flashcards

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1
Q

what happened in the dark ages

A

galen and hippocrates’ writings were destroyed or hidden

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2
Q

who saved these writings

A

islamic ppl

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3
Q

what did the christian church think about medicine

A

thye thought people were ill because they sinned

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4
Q

phrase that sums up christian attitudes towards medicine

A

care not cure

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5
Q

islam phrase that sums up attitudes towards medicine

A

for every disease, allah has given us a cure

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6
Q

how did they used to see is you were sick in medieval times x4

A

talking ot them, urine smell and colour, taking pulse, miasma

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7
Q

waht were the four humours

A

hippocrates’ creation, they needed to be balanced e.g blood, phlegm, poopq

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8
Q

how was englnads public health in the medieval era?q

A

bad, towns were built around rivers which were used as otilets as well as sanitation, cesspits of poop

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9
Q

how could you cancel miasma in medieval england

A

put head 2x a dayin animal poop

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10
Q

medieval treatments x6

A

herbs, the supernatural, blood letting (leeches), egestion - laxitives, wise old village woman, barber surgeons, the church

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11
Q

what was surgery like in medieval englaf

A

bad- unlicensed barber surgeons would perform surgeries as surgons werent porffessionalised.

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12
Q

who was the first surgeon

A

john of ardene

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13
Q

what was john ardenes survival rate

A

over 50%

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14
Q

what did john of ardene do as a job

A

war surgeon

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15
Q

what did jogn of ardebe contribbute

A

due to the war- he made an anaesthetic made of hemlock, opium, henbone == less need for cauterisation

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16
Q

when was the black death

A

1347

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17
Q

how was the black death worsened

A

when people were buried in shallow graves - this meant that wild animals spread the infectious bodies so the virus spread

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18
Q

what were treatments for the black death x4

A

to drink mercury, to shave a chicken and strap buboes, flee, quarantine, flagellation.

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19
Q

why was the black death so terrifying

A

people contracted it and died quickly, they usually died within the day

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20
Q

how many people in europe died from the black death

A

1/3

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21
Q

where was public health better in medieval times

A

monasteries and abbies

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22
Q

why was public health better in monasteries and abbeys x5

A

they lived more rurally, had better saniation, more money, better diets,

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23
Q

hat were the consquences of black death 3x

A

inflation = starvation = peasants need more money = peasants revolt

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24
Q

what did priests do around the time of the black death

A

thye deserted villages

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25
Q

what did galen discover

A

arteries

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26
Q

how many hospitals were opened from 1000-1500

A

700

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27
Q

why did the church like galen’s ideas and why was it then hard to develop and criticise his ideas

A

the church liked galen’s ideas because he suggested god made the body and everything perfect solely, so if your body was defected and different it is your fault as god made everything perfect blah blah blah, as monotheistic, so people who wanted to criticise his works would be by extension criticising the church
robert bacon did this and was arrested for saying experimentation was important

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28
Q

islamic things set up

A

in 805, Caliph al-Rashid set up a hospital in Baghdad with a medical school and library
hospitals called bimaristans were set up in many Islamic cities to care for all

29
Q

Ibn al-Nafis did what

A

1213-1288
he was the first to describe how blood circulated around the body via the lungs, galen thought it just went right to left, his books not read in the west, ignored
it would be 1618 when William Harvey discovered this in England

30
Q

what was used in medieval times as anaesthetic

A

hemlock or opium

31
Q

Abulcasis

A

a muslim surgeon who wrote a book in 1000, invented 26 new instruments, and made cauterisation popular which increased survival rates massively as they wouldn’t bleed out

32
Q

mondino what did lad do

A

in 1316 he wrote anothornia which was a textbook about dissection , and was the one used for like 200 years, dissections were now used in most universities

33
Q

when were bitchers stopped from puttign stuff on the streets like dead intestines and that

A

1330

34
Q

why was religion as a whole bad for the development of medicine

A

it didnt allow dissection
questioning ideas seems like questioning authority and

35
Q

how did people attempt to cure their illnesses

A

to stop miasma and its effect they put their heads in toilet waste to cancel out the miasma

36
Q

how many physicians were there in 1300

A

100

37
Q

what did hippocrates do

A

made the hippocratic oath which proffessionalised early medicine

38
Q

what law was passed in 1309

A

40p fine fro dumping

39
Q

when was 40p fine for dumping passed

A

1309

39
Q

when was 40p fine for dumping passed

A

1309

40
Q

example of a medieval mental hospital

A

bedlam

41
Q

who was roger bacon

A

arrested for questioning galens ideas adn saying experimentation should be used to develop medicine

42
Q

how was the black death heightened

A

shallow graves
close contact, living in squalor
no media to disprove theories
poop on street

43
Q

economic impacts of black death

A

food prices x4
inflation
more sheep farmers

44
Q

social impacts of black death

A

1/3 of europe died
lead to the end of the feudal system and peasants revolt

45
Q

cultural impacts of black death

A

catholic church’s power decreased as the clergy could not cure away the black death and were dying
they deserted villages

46
Q

political impacts of the blakc death

A

1551 Statute of Labourers - set a maximum wage limit to stop protests and forbade peasants from seeking new masters
1581 Peasants revolt rebellion + end of feudal system

47
Q

what were
muck farmers
gong farmers

A

transport waste out of city
drain cleaners

48
Q

example of a large medieval hospital

A

st leonard’s in york

49
Q

what was underfoot made of

A

mud, dung, animal entrails, beer, urine

50
Q

hwo many children died before age 7

A

30%

51
Q

how many hospitals were started between 1000-1500

A

700

52
Q

how many physicians were there in 1300

A

less than 100

53
Q

what did hugh of lucca and his son theodoric do

A

questioned galen’s ideas that pus wasnt good
dressed wounds in wine to stop infections
worked at bologna university in italy

54
Q

alchemy explain

A

the medieval chemical science and speculative philosophy whose aims were the transmutation of the base metals into gold, the discovery of a universal cure for diseases.
was used in Islamic nations and meant the creation of distillation, sublimation techniques and even drugs such as benzoin

55
Q

how long did doctors have to train in oxford and cambridge

A

7 years

56
Q

when were butchers not allowed inside city walls

A

1381

57
Q

what law was passed in 1381

A

butchers weren’t allowed to operate within city walls

58
Q

what did the town of gloucester try to do in the black death

A

close off the city as they belived the disease was spread by human contanct

59
Q

who were flagellents

A

people who were whipped in public to show god their repentance for being ill and being sinners

60
Q

what happened in january 1349 due to the black death

A

king edward closed parliament

61
Q

what law was passed in 1310

A

scourign of animal furs was banned in main streets

62
Q

when was scourign of animal furs banned in main streets

A

1310

63
Q

what happened to cemeteries in the black death

A

thye were built further from towns as they believed the dead bodies gave the disease

64
Q

how else did people ward off disease - charms

A

powdered unicorn horns

65
Q

when did john of arderne make hsi anaesthetic and what was it made of

A

1376 made of henbane hemlock and opium

66
Q

what did physicians carry around to stop miasma

A

posies and oranges

67
Q

when did the black death arrive in England

A

1348

history (15 decks)

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