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health and human development exam revision Flashcards

1
Q

Health and wellbeing definition

A

The state of a persons physical, social, emotional, mental and spiritual existence, characterised by an equilbrium in which the individual feels happy, healthy, capable and engadged.

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2
Q

physical h+w definition

A

relates to the functioning of the body and its systems; it includes the physical capacity to perform daily activities or tasks.
-freedom from illness
-strong immune system
-adequate energy levels

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3
Q

mental

A

the current state of wellbeing relating to a persons mind or brain and the ability to think and process information.
-low levels of stress and anxiety
-positive thought patterns and esteem

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4
Q

social

A

relates to the ability to form meaningful and satisfying relationships with others and the ability to manage or adapt appropriately to different social situations.
-supportive network of friends & family
-effective communication with others

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5
Q

emotional

A

relates to the ability to express emotions and feelings in a positive way.
-high levels of resilence
-effectively experience, understand, respond to and manage emotions.

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6
Q

spiritual

A

relates to ideas, beliefs, values and ethics that arise in the minds and conscience of human beings.
- a sense of belonging and connection to the world; peace and harmony.
-positive meaning and purpose in life.

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7
Q

H & W as a resource

A

having optimal health and wellbeing acts as a resource individually, nationally and globally.

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8
Q

Individually

A

-gain an education/employment
-sleep well and exercise

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9
Q

Nationally

A

-health systems savings
-increased productivity/higher average incomes
-longer, healthier lives

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10
Q

Globally

A

-reduces risk of disease transmission across countries
-promotes sustainability

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11
Q

Dynamic definition

A

Continually chnaging

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12
Q

subjective definition

A

influenced by or based on personal beliefs, feelings or opinions.

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13
Q

disease definition

A

disease is a physical or mental disturbance involving symptoms, dysfunction or tissue damage.

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14
Q

illness definition

A

Illness is a subjective concept related to personal experience of a disease or injury.

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15
Q

population groups

A

males vs females
males have more dangerous working conditions, more testosterome (risky)

indigenous vs non indigenous
Indigenous have higher BMI, more low SES and poorer quality housing.

High VS Low SES
lower health literacy in Low SES and more low birth weight babies

Living within Vs Outside of major Cities
Poorer quality roads in rural, more social isolation and more maternal smoking.

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16
Q

How does smoking affect HS & BOD

A

-lead to respiratory conditions (e.g asthma)
-lung, mouth and stomach cancer
-increased risk of infection

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17
Q

How dpes Alcohol affect HS and BOD

A

-contribute to liver disease (e.g cirrhosis)
-injuries (road traffic, self harm)

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18
Q

How does High BMI affect HS & BOD

A

-can contibute to CVD, type 2 diabetes
-osteroarthritis and osteoporosis

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19
Q

How does underconsumption of vegetables and fruit affect HS and BOD

A

-high BMI and associated conditions
-neural tube defects

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20
Q

How does underconsumption of dairy foods affect HS and BOD

A

-osteoporosis and dental caries

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21
Q

How does high intake of fat affect HS and BOD

A

-high BMI and type 2 diabetes

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22
Q

How does high intake of salt affect HS and BOD

A

-osteoporosis and CVD

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23
Q

How does high intake of sugar affect HS and BOD

A

-dental caries and disease

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24
Q

How does low intake of fibre affect HS and BOD

A

-colectoral cancer

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25
How does low intake of iron affect HS and BOD
-anaemia
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Health status indicators
Incidence Prevalence Morbidity Burden or disease Disability adjusted life years (DALY) life expectancy Health adjusted life expectancy (HALE) Mortality (maternal, infant and under 5) Self assessed health status
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Incidence
new cases of a condition
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prevalence
total cases of condition
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morbididty
ill health in an individual and levels of ill health within a population
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burden of disease
A measure of the impact of diseases and injuries
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Disability adjusted life year (DALY)
YLL (years of life lost)+YLD (years life lost due to disability)
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life expectancy
the number of years of life, on average, remaining to an individual at a particular age if death rates do not change.
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Health adjusted life expectancy
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Mortality
Number of deaths in a population
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Infant mortality
0-1 years of age
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Maternal mortality
mothers pregnancy
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Self assesed health status
An individuals own opinion about how they feel about their health, their state of mind and their life in general.
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Biological factors
relate to the structure of the cells, tissues and systems of the body e.g genetics, body weight, blood pressure, cholesterol levels, birth weight
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sociocultural factors
relate to the social and cultural conditions in which people live, work and grow. e.g food insecurity, unemployement, SES, healthcare, norms.
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Environmental factors
relate to the physical surroundings. e.g work places, housing, climate change, infrastructure
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Prerequisites of health
There are 9 prerequisites for health as determined by the WHO; peace (absence of conflict) shelter education food income stable ecosystem (balance between environment and species living there) Sustainable resources (resources can be used now and in the future) social justice (similar to equality) equity (different to equality, relates to fairness and social justice, but has a focus on disadvantaged groups)
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what is Old public health
government actions that focus of changing the physical environment to prevent the spread of disease. -providing safe water and sanitation -improved nutrition and housing conditions & better work conditions. -quarantine laws/immunisations
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Biomedical model
focuses on the physical or biological aspects of disease and illness. It is a model practised by doctors and health professionals and is associated with the diagnosis, treatment and cure of disease. -quick fix/bandaid approach -extends life expectancy -expensive and doesn't promote good health and wellbeing
44
New public health
new public health AKA social model of health is an approach to health that expands the traditional focus on individual behaviour change to one that considers the ways in which physical, sociocultural and political environments impact on health. Also reffered to as the social model of health
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Social model of health principles
-acts to enable access to healthcare -empowers individuals and communitites -addresses the broader determinants (or factors) of health. -involves intersectroal collaboration -acts to reduce social inequalities These promote good health and wellbeing and is a holistic approach and is less expensive than the biomedical model, however it doesn't address concerns of individuals and not every condition can be treated.
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Ottawa charter
This is an approach developed by the WHO that aims to reduce inequalities in health. It reflects the SMOH and provides 5 action areas all of which are centred around 3 stratergies for health promotion which are enabling, mediating and advocacy. -build healthy public policy -create supportive environments -strengthen community action -develop personal skills -reorient health services
47
what is Medicare
Medicare is Australias universal health insurance scheme. It provides substidised healthcare to Australian citizens. It covers x-rays, pathology, Gp visits but doesn't cover ambulance and allied health services. It provides a choice of doctor in hospital.
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How is medicare funded
medicare is funded by general taxation, medicare levi surchage
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medicare sustainability
doesn't cover all services e.g allied health/dental
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access to medicare
people of all ses groups
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medicare equity
medicare safety net
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pbs
the pharmaceutical benefits scheme substidises the cost of over 5000 essential medications
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pbs funding
substidised medications
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pbs sustainability
only essential ones
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pbs equity
pbs safety net
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NDIS
the national disability insurance scheme provides services nd support for people with permanent signficant disabilities and provides plans and funding
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ndis funding
funds assitive technology
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ndis sustainability
individual plans
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ndis access
available in every region
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ndis equity
everyone pays for it equally
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private health
is an optional type of insurance under which members pay a premium or fee in return for payment towards health-reated costs not covered by medicare
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phi incentives
phi rebate lifetime health cover medicare levy surchage age based discount
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phi funding
funds private hospitals
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phi sustainability
waiting periods
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phi access
phi rebate
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phi equity
more rebate on low income
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smoking
half of long term smokers die prematurely, exposure to tobacco smoke can cause premature death and disease.
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Examples of smoking health promotion
government laws and regulations NTC (my quit buddy app) Quit campaigns (Quitline)
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Smoking linked to ottawa charter
B-anti smoking laws, packaging rules C- myquitbuddy community board S- Aboriginal quitline D- informative website and info R- retain health professionals
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Indigenous initiative
The close the gap campagin's goal is to close the health and life expectancy gap between indigenous and non-indigenous Australians within the generation. Initiatives include... -learn earn legend -aboriginal quitline Linked to ottawa charter B- CTG is a government agreement C- aboriginal quitline S- learn earn legend - local leaders D- 2 spirits program informs on AIDS R- inform more health professionals
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Healthy eating initiatives
Australian Dietary guidelines 1. to achieve and maintain a healthy weight, be physically active and choose amounts of nutrtious food and drinks to meet your energy needs. 2. Enjoy a wide variety of nutrtious foods from the following five groups everyday and drink plenty of water. 3. Limit intake of foods containing saturated fat, added salt, added sugars and alcohol. 4. Encourage support and promote breastfeeding 5. Care for your food; prepare and store it safetly
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Nutrtion Australia healthy eating initiative
National nutrition week Healthy eating pyramid Recipes and educational resources Dietary change Challenges -food insecurity and advertising
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health and human development (12 decks)

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