health and disease

Question 1

health definition (WHO)

Answer 1

a state of physical mental and social wellbeing

Question 2

what are pathogens

Answer 2

diseases you can catch, ie infections diseases.

Question 3

the 5 types of pathogen are…

Answer 3

Bacteria
Virus
Fung
Protists
Worms

Question 4

Give an example of a bacteria pathogen:

Answer 4

salmonella
cholera
TB
stomach ulcers

Question 5

Give an example of a fungal pathogen :

Answer 5

Athlete’s foot
chalara dieback (ash trees)

Question 6

Give an example of a protist pathogen:

Answer 6

Malaria

Question 7

what are viruses?

Answer 7

-not alive
-can’t replicate on their own
-parasites-need a host cell
-insert their DNA into host cells to duplicate
-have a protein coat/capsule that contains genetic info

Question 8

what is lysozyme?

Answer 8

a bacteria destroying enzyme found in tears and saliva

Question 9

what are lymphocytes

Answer 9

white blood cells that recognise antigens on a specific pathogen

Question 10

what do lymphocytes do?

Answer 10

release antibodies to kill the pathogen or to label the pathogen to be ingested by a phagocyte

Question 11

what is a phagocyte

Answer 11

a cell that kills and digests pathogens.
it has a multi lobed nucleus to squeeze through capillaries

Question 12

what are memory b lymphocytes?

Answer 12

b lymphocytes that are left behind after the pathogen dies. they allow for a fast secondary immune response in case the host is re-infected

Question 13

immunisation is

Answer 13

a method of giving a patient immunity to a pathogen through producing b lymphocytes. usually done by vaccination

Question 14

what does the liver do

Answer 14

break down toxic substances (ethanol in alcohol, aldehyde, etc)

Question 15

what liver disease does alcohol abuse cause

Answer 15

cirrhosis - scarring of the liver

Question 16

causes of obesity

Answer 16

diet high in saturated fats, sugars
too little exercise

Question 17

why is waist to hip > BMI

Answer 17

bmi doesn’t account for muscle

Question 18

causes of CVD

Answer 18

smoking
diabetes
high blood pressure
obesity

Question 19

blood clot to brain results in

Answer 19

stroke

Question 20

blood clot to heart results in

Answer 20

heart attack

Question 21

what are statins

Answer 21

-drugs which prevent enzymes from bonding with substrates (which produces cholesterol)
-reduces chance of fat buildup in arteries
-can result in liver/kidney damage and muscle pain

Question 22

antihypertensives are

Answer 22

-pills which reduce blood pressure
-HYPERTENSION is when a high BP leads to artery tears and fat buildup in the tears
-can result in headaches due to low BP

Question 23

anticoagulants are

Answer 23

-drugs which prevent blood clots in arteries
-REDUCE ALL CLOTTING all wounds bleed excessively
-taken for life
-internal bleeding is deadly

Question 24

stents are

Answer 24

-metal cage inflated by a balloon to squash fat buildup in arteries
-surgery is non invasive (minor)
-risks from surgery

Question 25

coronary bypass surgery is

Answer 25

-blocked arteries are replaced by other arteries from the body
-invasive surgery
-often need lifelong medication after

Question 26

risks of heart transplant

Answer 26

-MAJOR surgery
-hard to find a donor
-heart needs to be a tissue match
-immunosuppressant drugs taken for life

Question 27

herd immunity says

Answer 27

if enough people are vaccinated (~90%) they provide barriers to prevent spread of pathogens