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biology > genetics and nervous system > Flashcards

genetics and nervous system Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Sclera

A

Tough outer protective layer of eyeball

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2
Q

purpose of lens

A

changes shape to focus light on retina

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3
Q

aqueous humour

A

transparent liquid which lets light enter pupil

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4
Q

purpose of iris

A

contains muscles which control amount of light entering eye

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5
Q

fovea

A

contains highest density of cones in retina

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6
Q

optic nerve

A

contains the axons of sensory neurones carrying signals to the brain

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7
Q

cornea

A

refracts light into the eye

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8
Q

purpose of pupil

A

hole in iris which allows light to enter back of eye

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9
Q

vitreous humour

A

transparent liquid (in the eyeball) providing structure and allowing light to reach retina

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10
Q

chorid

A

layer containing blood vessels and absorbs lihht

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11
Q

ciliary body

A

contains muscles which allow the lens to change shape

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12
Q

conjunctiva

A

transparent layer which lubricates the cornea

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13
Q

What is pupil reflex?

A

in high light, pupil constricts to reduce light entering eye.
in low light, pupil dilated to maximise light teaching the back of the eye.

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14
Q

Radial muscle

A

Contract in dim light, causing pupil to dilate

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15
Q

Circular muscles

A

Contract in bright light
Causes pupil to constrict

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16
Q

What happens to lens when looking at close objects

A

Ciliary muscles contract
Lens becomes short and fat
Light is refracted greatly

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17
Q

What happens to lens looking at far objects

A

Ciliary muscles relax
Lens is stretched and flat
Light is barely refracted

18
Q

what are cataracts

A

Cloudy patches on lens
Stop light from entering eye

19
Q

Causes of cataracts

A

Aging or eye injury
When the tissue of eye lens breaks down

20
Q

How to fix cataracts

A

Surgically replacing the lens with an artificial one

21
Q

What is myopia

A

short sightedness
Causes light to refract too much, focusing before it hits the retina

22
Q

What is hyperopia

A

long sightedness
when light isn’t refracted enough, causing it to not focus when it hits the retina

23
Q

how to fix myopia

A

wear convex lenses, causing light to refract kess

24
Q

how to fix hyperopia

A

wear concave lenses, causing light to refract more

25
Q

what is colour blindness caused by

A

cones in the retina not working properly

26
Q

how to fix colour blindness

A

you can’t
cone cells can’t be replaced

27
Q

Cerebrum

A

Largest part of brain
Different parts control movement, memory, language and vision

28
Q

What are cerebral hemispheres

A

Halves of cerebrum
Left hemisphere controls right side of body

29
Q

Cerebellum

A

At back of brain
Controls muscle coordination and balance

30
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

At the base of the brain (top of spinal cord)
Controls unconscious activity

31
Q

What does CT scan show

A

Shows structures of brain but not functions
However if a part of brain is damaged and we can see that a function is lost, we can work out which part of brain controls that function

32
Q

How do CT scans work

A

Use x rays to produce an image of brain

33
Q

What do PET scans show

A

Both structure and function of brain
Show which areas of the brain are active

34
Q

How do PET scans work

A

Patient is injected with radioactive chemical called Tracer
Tracer builds up in active cells
PET scanner shows where tracer has built up

35
Q

Why is it hard to treat CNS

A

Neurones don’t readily repair themselves and scientist can’t repair CNS tissue either
Parts of the CNS are also hard to reach

36
Q

What is non coding DNA

A

DNA that doesnt code for amino acids
They control whether a gene is on or off

37
Q

Transcription (protein synthesis)

A

-RNA bonds with DNA in nucleus, forming mRNA
-mRNA leaves nucleus and attaches to ribosomes via cytoplasm

38
Q

What is tRNA

A

Transfer RNA which has an amino acid on them.
They bring the amino acids to the ribosomes to make protien

39
Q

What is translation (protein synthesis)

A

(after transcription)
On the ribosome, tRNA attaches to mRNA’s complementary codon and transfers its amino acid.
The tRNA then leaves and finds another amino acid.

40
Q

What mutations do changes in the base sequence of non-coding DNA cause

A

If the change is where RNA polymerase binds during transcription, no mRNA is produced

41
Q

How can DNA mutations occur

A

-Mistakes can occur during cell division
-DNA can be damaged by environmental factors

42
Q

What mutations do changes in the base sequence of coding DNA cause

A

A change in base sequence can change the sequence of amino acids, changing the shape of the final protein

biology (9 decks)

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