Health Flashcards
Define Anemia
Deficiency of hemoglobin or number of red blood cells
What is the only time iron defincienies occur?
If there is a loss of blood
What term is used for the lack of hemoglobin in the blood?
Anemia
Define the Caslicks’s operation in mares.
Where the upper part of the vulva is stitched to reduce infection in mares
What is a Caslick’s operation used for?
The surgical suturing of the upper vulva to prevent wind sucking into the vagina
What is considered the most dangerous and costly equine internal disease?
Colic
What is the most common cause of colic?
Parasites
Colic may occur as a result of a lack of what motility?
Gastrointestinal motility
What vice may cause horse to develop gaseous colic?
Cribbing
How many blister beetles may a horse consume before it becomes at risk of colic?
2-5 beetles
What are the symptoms of blister beetle contamination?
1) Colic 2) Fever 3) Increased pulse 4) Increased constipation 5) Sweating 6) Soft feces
Define an incarceration as it pertains to colic.
When a loop of intestine becomes entrapped within a normal or abnormal structure within the abdominal cavity
Name at least three ways to prevent colic.
1) Proper deworming management 2) Floating of teeth to allow proper chewing of food 3) Change food slowly 4) Keep food off the ground 5) Keeping your horse in shape
Name the different types of colic.
Spasmodic, impaction, incarceration, displacement, excessive fermentation
What does COPD stant for?
Chronic Obstructive pulmonary disease
What is COPD?
Commonly known as heaves, an inflammation of the bronchioles in the lungs
Heaves affects what area of a horse?
Lungs
What are the symptoms of a horse with heaves?
Chronic cough, increased expiratory effort, pronounced lifting of the abdomen when the horse exhales
What are the useful practices that can be used to help reduce the effects of COPD?
1) Soak hay in water before feeding 2) Keep horse on quality pasture land 3) Use feeds and bedding low in dust and mold
What three things comprise the most effective treatment of heaves?
Rest, elimination of dust, and provision of fresh air
True or False? EasternEquine Encephalitis, or EEE, occurs in humans.
False
What are the mortality rates of Eastern and Venezuelan Equine Encephalomyelitis?
70-90%
What is EAV?
Equine Artiritis Virus
Name the clinical signs of equine encephalomyelitis following a one to three week incubation period?
1) High fever 2) Absence of feed intake 3) Stiffness 4) Uncoordination 5) Reeling gait 6) Compulsive walking 7) Circling 8) Drowsiness 9) Partial to complete loss of vision 10) Grinding of teeth 11) Inability to swallow 12) Hyperesthesia 13) Aggresion 14) Excitability 15) Frenzy after sensory stimulation
What animals are the primary reservoirs for the encephalomyelitis virus?
Wild Birds
What do the initials VEE stand for?
Venezualan Equine Encephalomyelitis
What is the mortality rate for EEE?
75-100%
What is the mortality rate for VEE?
40-80%
What disease does a Coggins test diagnose?
Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA)
What disease can be transmitted from one horse to another by hypodermic needles or improperly sterilized surgical instruments?
EIA(Equine Infectious Anemia)
Name the USDA approved agar immunodiffusion test to diagnose equine infectious anemia?
Coggins Test
What are four common symptoms of Equine Infectious Anemia?
Fever, anemia, juandice, depression, edema, and chronic weight loss
Will an EIA infected horse be infected for the rest of its life?
Yes
What is the term for the presence of blood in the respiratory tract after exercise?
Exercise Induced Pulmonary Hemorage(EIPH)
What is the most widely used treatment for EIPH?
Lasix
What is the common name for horses with EIPH?
Bleeders
What is the most common infectious respiratory disease of horses?
Influenza
Name two common features of Equine Influenza?
Extremely rapid spread of infection and a frequent dry cough
In Equine Influenza, from incubation up to three days, a horse may develop an elevated temperature in what range?
102.5-105F
Name two types of distinct Equine Influenza A viruses?
Equine-1 and Equine-2
Equine Influenza multiplies in what cells of the horse?
In the epithelial cells of the horse’s upper respiratory tract
How is Equine Influenza despersed?
By aerosol droplets when the horse exhales or coughs, equipment, clothing, vehicles, and skin surface of those handling infected horses
What does HI mean?
Hemagglutination Inhibition
What does VN mean?
Virus Nuetralization
CF stands for what?
Complement Fixation
What are the onlyl large populations that have not been exposed to equine influenza?
New Zealand and Australia
Excessive tearing, night blindness, and an increased sensitivity to light are suggestive of a deficiency of what vitamin?
Vitamin A
What does ENB stand for?
Equine Night Blindness
Partial or complete blockage of the esophagus causing inability to swallow is known as?
Choke
What is the term used to describe a blockage of the intestinal tract by either normal or foreign material?
Impaction
What is the habit of force-swallowing gulps of air?
Cribbing
What is the difference between cribbing and windsucking?
Cribbers attempt to swallow air and windsuckers are successful in swallowing air
Name two stable vices that a horse might develop from boredom and confinement.
Wood chewing, pawing, weaving, and cribbing
What condition may result from a deficiency of calcium, phosphorus, or vitamin D?
Rickets
Some horses, particularly young foals and confined animals practice coprophagy.
Eating of feces
What is geophagia?
Eating of dirt
Vitamin C deficiency typically results in what symptoms?
Impaired wound healing, weak, brittle bones, and hemorrhage
Vitamin D deficiency in most species results in what factors?
Rickets in the yound and inadequate bone mineralization in the adult
What is thrush?
Destruction of the frog by anaerobic bacteria
Describe thrush.
A degenerative condition of the frog. A black discharge, the offensive odor of which identifies the condition is emitted from the frog.
What is an eczema that affects the fetlock and heel areas predisposed by repeated exposure to sweat, mud, and filth?
Scratches
Where is weight distributed on the hoof when ringbone, sidebone or heel bruising occurs?
Outside
What is a sore or bucked shin?
An enlargement on the front of the cannon between the knee and fetlock joints
What is it called when a horse is suffering from inflammation of the sensitive laminae of its feet?
Founder
What is the term used to describe a pus pocket or an infection of the sensitive structures of the foot?
Abscess
What is an infection that penetrates the white line of the sole and travels under the hoof wall between the sensitive and insensitive laminae until it abscesses at the coronet?
Gravel
What is inflammation of the proximal sesamoid bones that is serious because it usually results in chronic lameness?
Sesamoiditis
What is an extension backwards of the flexor tendon caused by stretching or tearing?
Bowed tendon
What is the name for hoof digesting fungi?
White line disease
What is white line disease?
An infection in the hoof wall of hoof digesting fungi
What area of the country is white line disease most common in?
Humid areas
What is another name for enlarged painful growth plates?
Epiphysitis
What is DOD?
Developmental orthopedic disease
Name one of the major factors predisposing the growing animal to any of the developmental orthopedic disease.
1) Rapid growth 2) Trauma to the bone growth plates or articular cartilages 3) Genetic predisposition 4) Nutritional imbalances
DOD(Develepmental orthopedic disease) occurs as a result of what?
A failure of growing cartilage to become properly ossified or converted to bone
If the edges of a wound may only be closed under tension, then what method whould be used?
Tension sutures, using either buttons or plastic tubing to spread the pressure over a larger area
What is an incised wound?
A wound with clean, straight edges, and often bleeds freely
Name three types of closed wounds?
Bruises, contusions, sprains, muscle, and tendon rupture
What are the main goals in treating a wound?
1) Control hemorrhage 2) Turn the contaminated wound into a clean one 3)To promote rapid wound and healing
List five items that are some of the more essential to be included in a first aid kit.
Telfa-type, nonstick bandages, sheets of cotton bandage, leg quilts and wraps, twitch, elasticon tape, eye stain and wash, elastic bandage and scissors, antiseptic soap, and a type of phenylbutazone paste
What is a cold poultice used for?
To decrease inflammation
Founder is the horseman’s term for what disease?
Laminitis
What is the most severe hoof ailment?
Laminitis
Name four possible causes of founder?
1) Grain 2) Water 3)Grass 4) Road 5) Post parturient foaling
What is the leading cause of founder?
Gastrointestinal disturbances
What are the three phases of founder?
Developmental, acute, chronic
Contact with black walnut shavings can cause what?
Founder
What word means to fall in or fall helplessly lame?
Founder
Ture of False? A foundered horse’s toe should be lowered to help alleviate the pain.
True
What factors may incite founder?
Grain overload, colic, retained placenta, exhaustion, contact with black walnut shavings, lush grass, excessive concussion, excessive cold water
Name three suggestions for overheated horses.
1) The entire body should be sprayed with water to reduce it temperature 2) The horse should be moved to a cool stall or shade 3) The owner should use fans 4) Ice packs should be applied to the horse’s head and legs 5) The horse should be allowed to have a few swallows of cool, clean water every few minutes. 6) Call veternarian. The horse may need intravenous fluids.
Name three suggestions to prevent hyperthermia in horses.
1) Strenuous exercise should be limited to late evenings or early mornings when the temperature is cooler 2) Stabled horse should have adequate ventilation 3) Blankets and sheets should be remobed from the stabled horse during extreme heat 4) Adequate shade for outside horses 5) Long haired horses should be clipped 6) Clean, fresh water should be provided at all times
If a horse is experiencing hyperthermia,what has happened?
Overheated
What is the respiration rate of a horse suffering from hyperthermia?
More than 30 breaths/minute
Name four clinical ways to detect dehydration.
Dryness of mucous membranes and eyes, Decreased jugular vein distensibility, Rate of capillary refill, Skin elasticity, Physical performance, Decreased urine output, Dry feces
What is laryngeal hemiplegia?
A partial paralysis of the muscles in the larynx which reduces the size of the windpipe. So called because of the noise made by the horse during exercise.
What is the common term for horses with laryngeal hemiplegia?
Roaring
What is a vector?
Animals that carry infectious organisms from the reservoir to the animals that will be exposed and may develop the disease
Name three suggestions for overheated horses.
1) The entire body should be sprayed with water to reduce it temperature 2) The horse should be moved to a cool stall or shade 3) The owner should use fans 4) Ice packs should be applied to the horse’s head and legs 5) The horse should be allowed to have a few swallows of cool, clean water every few minutes. 6) Call veternarian. The horse may need intravenous fluids.
Name three suggestions to prevent hyperthermia in horses.
1) Strenuous exercise should be limited to late evenings or early mornings when the temperature is cooler 2) Stabled horse should have adequate ventilation 3) Blankets and sheets should be remobed from the stabled horse during extreme heat 4) Adequate shade for outside horses 5) Long haired horses should be clipped 6) Clean, fresh water should be provided at all times
If a horse is experiencing hyperthermia,what has happened?
Overheated
What is the respiration rate of a horse suffering from hyperthermia?
More than 30 breaths/minute
Name four clinical ways to detect dehydration.
Dryness of mucous membranes and eyes, Decreased jugular vein distensibility, Rate of capillary refill, Skin elasticity, Physical performance, Decreased urine output, Dry feces
What is laryngeal hemiplegia?
A partial paralysis of the muscles in the larynx which reduces the size of the windpipe. So called because of the noise made by the horse during exercise.
What is the common term for horses with laryngeal hemiplegia?
Roaring
What is a vector?
Animals that carry infectious organisms from the reservoir to the animals that will be exposed and may develop the disease
What is the general term for inflammation of the skin?
Dermatitis
What is the ter used for a localized collection of pus in the tissues of the body, often accompained by swelling and inflammation?
Abscess
What is the term for a condition of increased sensitivity ot a specific protein, which may result in a rash, hives, sneezing, or respiratory difficulties?
Allergy
What term refers to any inflammatory disease of the lungs, which can be caused by bacteria or virus or a combination of the two?
Pneumonia
What is a condition in which there is an unusually high level of fat in the blood?
Hyperlipemia
What is the inability of the blood to clot in a normal amount of time?
Hemophilia
What is a tumor of the pigment-forming cells called?
Melanoma
What does CID stand for?
Combined Immunodeficiency
Which genetic disease is characterized by attacks of muscle weakness?
HYPP(Hyperkalemic Periodic Paralysis)
What does AVA stand for?
Arterio Venous Anasomaosis
Define the condition called entropion.
The condition that occurs within 1 or 2 days after birth where the foal’s eyes start to water because the eyelids and lashes are turned in.
How can rabies be transmitted to horses?
By the bite from a carnivore such as skunks, raccoons, foxes, dogs or by bats
If a horse is to survive a stall fire the fire must be extenguished in approximately what time limit?
30 seconds
What is the infection of the eye that was originally observed to reoccur opproximately as often as a new moon?
Equine periodic opthalmia or EPO
What is hydrocephalus?
An accumulation of fluid withint he compartments of the brain, resulting in crushing of normal brain tissue
What is an atrophy of the muscles of the shoulder due to paralysis of the supracapsular nerve called?
A sweeeney
What is proud flesh?
The formation of excessive granulation
What is pneumovagina?
Windsucking
Name three common problems of the older horse.
Heaves, arthritis, liver, and kidney problems, pituitary and thryroid tumors
An organ or tissue projecting through an abdominal opening is called what?
Hernia
What disease has geographic association with rivers?
Ptomac Horse Fever
How many days does it take to show signs of Potamac Horse Fever?
10-14 days after infection
What equine disease has also been referred to as “equine abortion virus”?
Rhinopneumonitis
What is another term for Rhinopneumonitis?
Equine Herpes Virus
Equine Herpes Virus may cause respiratory infection wth mild fever and/or nasal discharge or may cause abortions and is also known as what?
Rhinopneumonitis
What are the primary indications for equine herpesvirus vaccines?
1) prevention of Equine Herpesviruse type 1 abortion in mares
2) prevention of respiratory disease in foals, weanlings, yearlings, and young performance and show horses
When should pregnant mares be vaccinated with an approved, inactivated EHV-1 vaccine?
In the fifth, seventh, and ninth months
What is the oldest described horse disease?
Strangles
What is an acute contagious bacterial infection lovated in the salivary glands called?
Strangles
What disease is also known as distemper or barn fever?
Strangles
What are the three earliest signs of Streptococcus Equi?
Fever, depression, and loss of appetite
What is used to treat strangles?
Antibiotics
What is bastard strangles?
Presence of abscesses at locations other than the submandibular or throatlatch area
What disease has the scientific name, clostridium tetani?
Tetanus (lockjaw)
True or False? Tetanus may be spread from horse to horse.
False
What term describes a preventative injection of bacteria or virus that have been modified or inactivated to immunize a horse against certain disease?
Vaccination
What vacccinations are included for a typical program for horses that are shown or mixed with other horses during the year?
1) Eastern and Western encephalomyelitis 2) Tetanus 3) Influenza 4) Rhinopneumonitis 5) Potomac Horse Fever 6) Rabies
How soon before traveling should vaccinations be done?
At least two weeks
