Head & Neck 2 - Scalp & Muscles of the Face

Question 1

what are the 5 layers of the scalp, from superficial to deep? (think SCALP)

Answer 1

skin
connective tissue
aponeurosis
loose connective tissue
periosteum

Question 2

describe arterial blood supply to the scalp - what layer the vessels are located, anterior vs posterior supply

Answer 2

vessels located on the second layer (connective tissue) of the scalp

anterior part - branches of the internal carotid artery

posterior part - branches of the external carotid artery

Question 3

the branches of WHAT artery supply the anterior part of the scalp?

Answer 3

internal carotid artery

Question 4

the branches of WHAT artery supply the posterior part of the scalp?

Answer 4

external carotid artery

Question 5

what are the muscles of facial expression?

Answer 5

orbicularis oris
orbicularis oculi
buccinator
occipitofrontalis
platysma

Question 6

which cranial nerve provides motor innervation to the muscles of facial expression?

Answer 6

facial nerve (CN7) - branches extend to individual muscles

Question 7

which nerve provides sensory innervation to the face?

Answer 7

trigeminal nerve (& V1-3)

Question 8

action of the orbicularis oculi?

Answer 8

forceful/ gently closing of the eye; blinking

Question 9

action of the orbicularis oris?

Answer 9

closing & puckering lips (kissing muscle)

Question 10

actions (2) of the buccinator?

Answer 10

1. keeps food between cheeks whilst chewing
2. involved in sucking/blowing - compresses cheeks

Question 11

action of occipitofrontalis?

Answer 11

raise eyebrows, wrinkle forehead

Question 12

action of platysma?

Answer 12

1. depresses mandible
2. tenses skin of neck

Question 13

what salivary gland does the facial nerve pass through before dividing into its motor branches?

Answer 13

parotid gland

Question 14

what are the 5 main branches of the facial nerve? what additional branch goes behind the ear?

Answer 14

temporal, zygomatic, buccal, marginal mandibular, cervical
+ posterior auricular nerve (behind ear)

Question 15

A patient presents with facial muscle paralysis but retains sensation on the face. Which nerve is most likely affected?
A) Trigeminal nerve (CN V)
B) Facial nerve (CN VII)
C) Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
D) Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)

Answer 15

B) Facial nerve (CN VII) - CN7 controls motor function; CNV controls sensory

Question 16

Which of the following correctly describes the sensory innervation of the face?
A) CN VII provides all sensation to the face
B) CN V1, V2, and V3 provide sensory innervation to the face
C) The facial nerve (CN VII) supplies sensory innervation to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue and the face
D) CN V3 provides sensory innervation to the forehead

Answer 16

B) CN V1, V2, and V3 provide sensory innervation to the face

Question 17

A patient has an infection in the submandibular lymph nodes. Where will this infection likely drain next?
A) Preauricular nodes
B) Superficial cervical nodes
C) Deep cervical nodes
D) Postauricular nodes

Answer 17

C) Deep cervical nodes - all lymph from the face ultimately drains into the deep cervical nodes

Question 18

which part of the facial vein communication makes the “danger triangle” clinically significant? what is the clinical significance?

Answer 18

connections between the facial vein, superior ophthalmic vein, and cavernous sinus

facial vein drainage can spread infections to the brain, leading to cavernous sinus thrombosis

Question 19

what is the main arterial supply of the face (artery and origin)? which other major artery contributes?

Answer 19

facial artery - branch of external carotid artery
+ has contributions from internal carotid artery

Question 20

which nerve provides taste sensation to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?

Answer 20

facial nerve (CN7) via chorda tympani

Question 21

A deep infection from the danger triangle of the face can spread to the brain due to communication between which veins?
A) Facial vein and retromandibular vein
B) Cavernous sinus and facial vein
C) Internal jugular vein and vertebral veins
D) External jugular vein and maxillary vein

Answer 21

B) Cavernous sinus and facial vein

Question 22

Which artery is a branch of the internal carotid and contributes to the blood supply of the anterior face?
A) Facial artery
B) Superficial temporal artery
C) Supraorbital artery
D) Transverse facial artery

Answer 22

C) Supraorbital artery - supraorbital and supratrochlear arteries are branches of the internal carotid

Question 23

Which of the following muscles is NOT innervated by the facial nerve (CN VII)?
A) Buccinator
B) Orbicularis oculi
C) Masseter
D) Platysma

Answer 23

C) Masseter - is a muscle of mastication, innervated by the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve (CN V3)

Question 24

The danger triangle of the face is clinically significant because infections from this area can spread to:
A) Cavernous sinus
B) Carotid sheath
C) Submandibular lymph nodes
D) Brachial plexus

Answer 24

A) Cavernous sinus - facial vein communicates with the cavernous sinus via the ophthalmic veins, allowing infections to spread into the cranial cavity

Question 25

Which branch of the facial nerve (CN VII) provides motor innervation to the platysma muscle? A) Temporal branch B) Zygomatic branch C) Buccal branch D) Cervical branch

Answer 25

D) Cervical branch

Question 26

which nerve is affected in Bell's Palsy?

Answer 26

facial nerve - it controls the muscles of facial expression (often occurs due to HSV infection)

Question 27

what is Bell's Palsy?

Answer 27

temporary facial paralysis caused by inflammation of the facial nerve