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Clinical Anatomy > Neuroanatomy 1 - Brain Divisions > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy 1 - Brain Divisions Flashcards

1
Q

what structures separate and connect the two cerebral hemispheres?

A

separated by longitudinal fissure
connected by corpus callosum

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2
Q

functions of cerebrum (3)?

A
  1. conscious thought processes and intellectual function
  2. memory storage, processing and retrieval
  3. conscious & subconscious regulation of skeletal muscle contraction
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3
Q

what is the cerebral cortex?

A

surface layer of the cerebrum as an aggregation of neuronal cell bodies located as grey matter

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4
Q

what are the layers of the cerebrum?

A

outer grey matter - neuronal cell bodies
inner white mater - neuronal axons
innermost grey matter - deep nuclei

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5
Q

functions of the cerebellum?

A
  1. helps postural muscles & maintain balance
  2. refines learned movements & co-ordination & balance
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6
Q

what structures does the brainstem consist of?

A

midbrain
pons
medulla oblongata

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7
Q

functions of the brainstem?

A
  1. processing and relay centre for information passing to and from the cerebellum and cerebrum
  2. contains reflex centred associated with resp & CV functions
  3. houses cranial nerve nuclei
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8
Q

what is the diencephalon? what structures does it contain?

A

diencephalon - part of the cerebrum, contains deep nuclei

structures - thalamus and hypothalamus

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9
Q

function of thalamus?

A

relay and processing centre

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10
Q

function of hypothalamus?

A

hormone production
emotional & biological control and homeostasis

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11
Q

describe the grey-white matter layers of the spinal cord

A

outer white matter
inner grey matter

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12
Q

which two cranial nerve don’t emerge from the brainstem?

A

CN1 (olfactory) - from olfactory bulb
CN2 (optic) - from optic chiasm

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13
Q

what are the three divisions of the trigeminal nerve (CN5)?

A

ophthalmic
maxillary
mandibular

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14
Q

which cranial nerves are involved in eye movements?

A

CN3/ oculomotor
CN4/ trochlear
CN6/ abducens

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15
Q

what 8 bones form the neurocranium?

A

frontal
parietal (2)
ethmoid
sphenoid
occipital
temporal (2)

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16
Q

what is the viserocranium?

A

bones that make up the jaw/ facial skeleton

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17
Q

what is the neurocranium?

A

protective case of flat bones encasing the brain

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18
Q

what bones make up the viscerocranium?

A

maxilla
mandible
palatine
zygomatic
nasal bones
inferior nasal concha
lacrimal
vomer

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19
Q

what bones form the cheekbones?

A

zygomatic

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20
Q

what is the largest bone of the viscerocranium?

A

mandible

21
Q

of which bones are there only 1 of in the viscerocranium?

A

mandible
vomer

22
Q

what does the vomer form?

A

the nasal septum between the two nasal openings

23
Q

what are cranial sutures?

A

fibrous joints - mark the adherence between the bones and the growth & closure of the cranial fontanelles

24
Q

list the three cranial sutures - where are they found?

A

coronal suture - between frontal and parietal bones
sagittal suture - between the two parietal bones
lambdoid suture - between the parietal and occipital bones

25
Q

what are the 4 suture junctions?

A

bregma
lambda
pterion
asterion

26
Q

what is the name of the suture junction of the frontal, parietal, temporal and sphenoid bones?

A

pterion

27
Q

what is the name of the suture junction of the coronal and sagittal sutures?

A

bregma

28
Q

suture junction of the parietal, occipital and temporal bones?

A

asterion

29
Q

what are fontanelles? what are they usually covered by?

A

membranous gaps/ soft spots in the skull of a new-born as the bones haven’t grown and fused yet - covered by a soft, fibrous membrane

30
Q

what are the 4 main fontanelles in order of closure timeline - relative to their suture junction?

A

posterior - lambda
sphenoid - near pterion
mastoid - near asterion
anterior - bregma

31
Q

what do bulging fontanelles indicate?

A

raised intracranial pressure

32
Q

what do sunken fontanelles indicate?

A

dehydration

33
Q

differentiate between foramen, fossae and fissures

A

foramen - opening/ hole in bone, allows for the passage of structures

fossae - shallow depression in bone to accommodate structures

fissures - narrow slit-like openings in bone

34
Q

what type of joints are cranial sutures?

A

fibrous joints

35
Q

what bones contribute to the anterior, middle & posterior cranial fossae?

A

anterior - frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid
middle - sphenoid and temporal
posterior - sphenoid, temporal, occipital

36
Q

what is the frontal lobe primarily responsible for?

A

motor functions - e.g. speech (Broca’s area)

37
Q

what is the parietal lobe primarily responsible for?

A

processing somatosensory/touch information

38
Q

what is the temporal lobe primarily responsible for?

A

mainly auditory processing
speech, vision, memory

39
Q

what is the occipital lobe primarily responsible for?

A

visual processing

40
Q

what does the central sulcus separate?

A

frontal and parietal lobes

41
Q

the thalamus acts as a relay centre for most sensory information. what sensory information does it NOT relay?

A

smell/ olfactory information

42
Q

what structure joins the two hemispheres of the cerebellum?

A

vermis

43
Q

what structures pass through the jugular foramen?

A

jugular vein
CN9, 10 & 11

44
Q

through what foramen foes the middle meningeal artery pass through?

A

foramen spinosum

45
Q

through what cranial foramen do eye-related cranial nerves (3,4,6) pass through?

A

superior orbital fissure

46
Q

contents of the foramen magnum?

A

medulla oblongata transitions into spinal cord
meninges surrounding the spinal cord
vertebral arteries
spinal part of CN11

47
Q

the internal carotid artery passes through the carotid canal. what foramen does it pass OVER to enter the cranial cavity?

A

foramen lacerum

48
Q

what structure does the hypophyseal fossa contain?

A

pituitary gland

Clinical Anatomy (27 decks)

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