PP2 - Female Genitalia Flashcards
(110 cards)
1
Q
what is the mons pubis?
A
rounded pad of skin and fat overlying the pubic symphysis
2
Q
how does the mons pubis change before & after puberty?
A
before puberty = flat and hairless & labia minora are poorly formed
after puberty = covered by hair, more prominent
3
Q
what happens to the mons pubis following menopause?
A
atrophies
4
Q
what male structure is the labia majora the homologue of? why?
A
scrotum ; both derived from the same embryonic structure - labioscrotal swelling
5
Q
what is the vestibule?
A
enclosed area between the labia minora - houses the external urethral orifice & vaginal orifice
6
Q
what is the fourchette?
A
ridge at the posterior point of the vestibule formed when the right and left labia minora come together
7
Q
function of the greater vestibular glands
A
paired pea-sized glands: secrete lubricating mucus into the vaginal orifice during sexual arousal to facilitate entry of the penis
8
Q
what gland lies posterior to the bulb of the vestibule - greater/ lesser vestibular glands?
A
greater vestibular glands
9
Q
what muscle overlies the bulbs of the vesitbule?
A
bulbospongiosus muscle
10
Q
what is the male homologue to the greater vestibular glands?
A
bulbourethral glands (Cowper’s glands)
11
Q
what is the male homologue of the lesser vestibular glands?
A
prostate gland
12
Q
Which of the following structures is homologous to the corpus spongiosum of the penis?
A) Glans clitoris
B) Crura of the clitoris
C) Bulbs of the vestibule
D) Prepuce of clitoris
A
C) Bulbs of the vestibule
13
Q
Which statement about the glans clitoris is true?
A) It contains the external urethral opening
B) It is covered by the labia majora
C) It is the only visible part of the clitoris
D) It is formed by the bulbs of the vestibule
A
C) It is the only visible part of the clitoris
14
Q
The prepuce of the clitoris is formed by which structure?
A) Labia majora
B) Labia minora
C) Bulbospongiosus muscle
D) Vestibular folds
A
B) Labia minora
15
Q
The erectile tissues of the clitoris are located primarily in which perineal pouch?
A) Deep perineal pouch
B) Superficial perineal pouch
C) Urogenital diaphragm
D) Pelvic cavity
A
B) Superficial perineal pouch
16
Q
Which ligament anchors the body of the clitoris to the pubic symphysis?
A) Round ligament
B) Broad ligament
C) Suspensory ligament of clitoris
D) Transverse cervical ligament
A
C) Suspensory ligament of clitoris
17
Q
what is the primary function of the clitoris?
A
sexual arousal; it contains erectile tissue and is highly sensitive to touch
18
Q
what is the only visible part of the clitoris externally?
A
glans clitoris
19
Q
what covers the glans clitoris?
A
prepuce of the clitoris - formed by folds of the labia minora
20
Q
what are the two main parts of the clitoris?
A
root (attached)
body (free part)
21
Q
what forms the root of the clitoris?
A
proximal parts of the corpora cavernosa, attached to the ischiopubic rami
22
Q
what forms the body of the clitoris?
A
unattached parts of the corpora cavernosa - attached to the pubic symphysis via the suspensory ligament
23
Q
what ligament anchors the body of the clitoris to the pubic symphysis?
A
suspensory ligament of the clitoris
24
Q
what structure of the clitoris is homologous to the corpus spongiosum in males?
A
bulbs of the vestibule
25
which ligaments and structures attach the body & root of the clitoris to the pubic area?
body is attached to the pubic symphysis via a suspensory ligament
root is attached to the ischiopubic rami
26
which glands are associated with the posterior ends of the bulbs of the vestibule?
greater vestibular glands (Bartholin's glands)
27
what part of the male anatomy is homologous to the clitoris?
penis
28
Which of the following is the male homologue of the labia majora?
A) Corpus spongiosum
B) Scrotum
C) Glans penis
D) Testes
B) Scrotum - both derive from labioscrotal swellings
29
Which structure does not have a direct male homologue?
A) Glans clitoris
B) Labia majora
C) Vestibule
D) Bulbs of vestibule
C) Vestibule - female-specific space
30
The greater vestibular glands are functionally most similar to which of the following male structures?
A) Prostate gland
B) Bulbourethral glands (Cowper’s glands)
C) Testes
D) Seminal vesicles
B) Bulbourethral glands - both secrete mucus for lubrication during sexual arousal
31
how does the appearance of the ovaries change with ovulation?
before ovulation they're a smooth shape; after ovulation they have a scarred appearance
32
what three structures support the suspension of the ovaries in the true pelvic cavity?
1. mesovarium of the broad ligament
2. suspensory ligament of the ovary
3. ovarian ligament
33
what is the mesovarium?
mesentery of the ovary & part of the broad ligament of the uterus - attaches ovary to broad ligament
34
what is the suspensory ligament of the ovary? attachment?
peritoneal fold that attaches each ovary to the lateral pelvic wall
35
what is the ovarian ligament?
a fibrous cord of connective tissue - attaches the ovary to the uterus
36
which of the supportive ligaments of the ovary contain neurovascular & lymphatic connections?
A: suspensory ligament of ovary
B: ovarian ligament
C: mesovarium
D: mesosalphinx
A: suspensory ligament of the ovary
37
which of the supportive ligaments of the ovary DON'T contain neurovascular & lymphatic connections? (2)
A: suspensory ligament of ovary
B: ovarian ligament
C: mesovarium
D: mesosalpinx
B: ovarian ligament ; C: mesovarium - peritoneal folds mainly for structural support
38
endocrine function of the ovaries?
contains various cells which secrete steroid sex hormones - oestrogens and androgens
39
function of the uterine tubes?
receives oocyte released from ovary
site of fertilisation
40
what is the function of the fimbriae?
ciliated finger-like projections that drape over each ovary - guide the oocyte from the ovary into the uterine tube
41
function of the infundibulum?
helps capture the oocyte during ovulation
42
which part of the uterine tube is the site of fertilisation?
A: fimbriae
B: infundibulum
C: ampulla
D: isthmus
C: ampulla - half the length of the uterine tube & site of fertilisation
43
how is the movement of the oocyte through the uterine tube facilitated?
smooth muscle of the uterine tube contracts to produce peristaltic waves
ciliated simple columnar epithelium along the walls of the uterine walls beat & aid in moving the oocyte along the tube
44
what is the role of non-ciliated cells in the uterine tube?
secrete substances that support the oocyte and facilitate fertilization
45
what is the mesosalpinx?
part of the broad ligament that provides support to the uterine tubes
46
what is the role of the mesosalpinx?
1. provides support to the uterine tubes
2. contains an anastomotic network of uterine and ovarian vessels
47
which part of the broad ligament contains an anastomotic network of ovarian & uterine vessels?
A: mesosalpinx
B: mesovarium
C: mesometrium
D: round ligament
A: mesosalpinx
48
functions of the uterus?
supports fertilised zygote during pregnancy
49
is the uterus located in the true/ false pelvis?
true pelvis
50
is the uterus normally anteverted or anteflexed?
anteverted (uterus tilts forward)
51
when is the fundus of the uterus in contact with the sigmoid colon? what other structure is it usually in contact with?
in contact with the sigmoid colon when it's distended - usually in contact with loops of the small intestine
52
list the 3 layers of the uterine wall from innermost to outermost
endometrium
myometrium
perimetrium/ outer serosa
53
main function of the myometrium? what aspect of its structure helps with this?
contracts during childbirth to help expel the foetus - consists of interlacing smooth muscle bundles
54
what layer of the endometrium sheds during menstruation?
functional layer
55
what happens to the endometrium during menstruation & pregnancy?
menstruation - undergoes cyclic changes; sheds and
re-builds
pregnancy - where the embryo implants & continues developing if fertilised
56
what are the two layers of the endometrium?
functional layer
basal layer
57
what is the significance of the basal layer of the endometrium?
remains intact as the functional layer is shed during menstruation & regenerates the functional layer after
58
what connects the cervix to the body of the uterus?
internal os
59
what is the importance of the external os?
connects the cervix to the vagina
60
two main functions of cervical mucus?
1. *anti-bacterial* - prevents bacteria from entering the uterus
2. blocks sperm except during mid-cycle - becomes less viscous to allow sperm passage
61
what are the three layers of the vaginal wall from outermost to innermost? describe what each is composed of
adventitia - fibrous connective tissue
muscularis - smooth muscle
mucosa - transverse folds/ rugae
62
purpose of the rugae in the vaginal mucosa? (2)
1. transverse folds that stimulate the penis during sex
2. flatten to allow for expansion during childbirth
63
role of the lamina propria in the vaginal mucosa?
contains elastic fibres - allows the vagina to return to its original shape after stretching
64
why is the vaginal epithelium lined with stratified squamous cells?
stratified squamous epithelium withstands friction & resists bacterial infections
65
what type of epithelium lines the vaginal mucosa?
stratified squamous epithelium
66
main functions of the vagina? (2)
1. passageway for childbirth
2. receives the penis and semen during intercourse
67
what is the vaginal orifice?
external opening of the vagina
68
where is the hymen located? what is it?
near vaginal orifice - it's a vascularised mucosal membrane that forms an incomplete diaphragm near the orifice
69
under what circumstances can the hymen rupture?
often occurs during the first instance of sex
can be more delicate & rupture during tampon use or during sports
70
what is the vaginal fornix?
a recess formed around the cervix by the vaginal wall - creates spaces between the cervix and the vaginal walls
71
subdivisions of the vaginal fornices? (4)
anterior
posterior
lateral (2)
72
what are the main ligaments supporting the uterus? (5)
lateral/transverse cervical (cardinal) ligaments
round ligaments of the uterus
broad ligament
uterosacral ligament
pubocervical ligament
73
what is the primary mesentery supporting the uterus?
mesometrium - part of the broad ligament
74
attachments of the cardinal ligament?
cervix & superior vagina to the lateral pelvic walls (lateral stability)
75
what is significant about the composition of the cardinal ligament?
consists of dense connective tissue & smooth muscle fibres
contains neurovasculature - branches of the uterine artery, veins & nerves (supply uterus)
76
functions of the cardinal ligament? (2)
1. provides vascular and nerve supply to the cervix and vagina
2. provides lateral stability to the uterus & cervix
77
how do the round ligaments support the uterus?
stabilises the uterus by binding it to the anterior body wall
from the uterus - pass through the inguinal canal & exits via the superficial inguinal ring - attaches at the labia majora and anterior pelvic wall
78
what three components make up the broad ligament?
mesometrium
mesovarium
mesosalpinx
79
what structure does the mesometrium support?
the uterus
80
what structure does the mesovarium support?
the ovaries
81
what structure does the mesosalpinx support?
the uterine tubes
82
which ligament extends from the posterior cervix to the sacrum, providing posterior support?
uterosacral ligament
83
function of the pubocervical ligament?
provides anterior stability by attaching the cervix & upper vagina to the pubic bones, with horizontal and vertical portions
84
what ligament provides anterior support to the cervix & uterus?
A: uterosacral ligament
B: pubocervical ligament
C: round ligament of uterus
D: mesometrium
B: pubocervical ligament - from cervix & upper vagina to anterior body wall and posterior aspect of pubic bones
85
origin of the uterine arteries?
arise from the anterior division of the internal iliac arteries
86
what does the ascending branch of the uterine artery supply?
supplies the upper uterus
anastomoses with the ovarian artery - helps supply the ovary
87
what does the descending branch of the uterine artery supply?
supplies the cervix and upper vagina
anastomoses with the vaginal artery - helps supply the vagina
88
where do the uterine arteries course in relation to the ureter?
cross the ureter ANTERIORLY before reaching the cervix
89
clinical significance of the uterine artery during a hysterectomy?
uterine artery may be ligated to control bleeding during a hysterectomy
90
clinical significance of the uterine artery during treatment of uterine fibroids?
uterine artery is embolized to block blood supply to fibroids or abnormal areas of uterine tissue
91
what are the two terminal branches of the uterine artery that supply the uterus?
arcuate arterioles
helicine (terminal) arterioles
92
where do the ovarian arteries originate?
originate from the abdominal aorta (right and left)
93
what do the ovarian arteries supply?
ovaries and uterine tubes
94
describe the course of the ovarian arteries through the pelvic cavity
descend as retroperitoneal structures
cross over the external iliac artery at the pelvic brim
approach the ovaries within the suspensory ligament
95
where do the uterine and ovarian arteries anastomose? within what ligament?
each lateral side of the uterus within the mesosalpinx of the broad ligament - create a network that supplies the uterus and ovaries
96
what are the two key anastomoses of the female genitalia?
ascending branch of the uterine artery anastomoses with branches of the ovarian artery
descending branch of the uterine artery anastomoses with branches of the vaginal artery
97
what is the vesico-uterine pouch? where is it located?
peritoneal space located between the posterior surface of the urinary bladder & the anterior surface of the uterus
98
clinical significance of the recto-uterine pouch?
the lowest point in the peritoneal cavity where fluid can collect
often examined by ultrasound for fluid, ectopic pregnancies, or infections
99
how is the recto-uterine pouch accessed for examination or surgical procedures?
accessed through the posterior vaginal fornix
100
what are the two main types of peritoneum? what structures do they cover?
parietal peritoneum - lines the abdominal cavity walls
visceral peritoneum - covers the abdominal organs and forms folds, creates spaces like the vesico-uterine and recto-uterine pouches
101
which uterine ligament extends through the inguinal canal?
round ligament of the uterus
102
why is the uterine artery enlarged during pregnancy?
to meet the increased blood supply demands of the growing uterus &developing foetus
103
what structures are contained within the suspensory ligament of the ovary?
ovarian arteries - supply the ovaries and uterine tubes
104
what is the primary role of the mesosalpinx in uterine support?
supports the uterine tubes, forming the upper part of the broad ligament
105
how does the broad ligament function as a supportive structure?
extends from each side of the uterus to the lateral pelvic walls - supports the uterus, ovaries, and uterine tubes
106
Which of the following best describes the bulbs of the vestibule?
A) Form the body of the clitoris
B) Lie anterior to the urethral opening
C) Homologous to the corpus spongiosum in males
D) Lie within the deep perineal pouch
C) Homologous to the corpus spongiosum - located in the superficial perineal pouch, lateral to vaginal orifice
107
The fourchette is formed by the:
A) Fusion of the labia majora posteriorly
B) Upper junction of labia minora
C) Posterior joining of labia minora
D) Lateral margins of the vestibule
C) Posterior joining of labia minora
108
During sexual arousal, which of the following structures contributes most directly to vaginal lubrication?
A) Clitoris
B) Labia minora
C) Greater vestibular glands
D) Bulbs of the vestibule
C) Greater vestibular glands - secrete mucus into the vaginal orifice
109
Which of the following is true regarding the clitoris?
A) It contains the urethra like the penis
B) It is composed of one corpus cavernosum
C) Its erectile tissues are homologous to those of the penis
D) It is located within the deep perineal pouch
C) Its erectile tissues are homologous to those of the penis - contains paired corpora cavernosa, but no urethra
110
which erectile tissues lie on either side of the vaginal orifice?
bulbs of the vestibule (homologous to corpus spongiosum)
