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Clinical Anatomy > PP2 - Female Genitalia > Flashcards

PP2 - Female Genitalia Flashcards

1
Q

list the components of the vulva

A

mons pubis
labia - labia minora & majora
vestibule
bulbs of the vestibule
greater vestibular glands
clitoris

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2
Q

what is the mons pubis?

A

rounded pad of skin and fat overlying the pubic symphysis

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3
Q

what does the mons pubis consist of?

A

skin & fat/ adipose tissue

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4
Q

how does the mons pubis change before & after puberty?

A

before puberty = relatively flat and hairless & labia minora are poorly formed

after puberty = covered by hair, more prominent

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5
Q

what happens to the mons pubis following menopause?

A

atrophies

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6
Q

what are the labia majora?

A

long hair-covered areas with fatty skin folds that form the lateral boundaries of the vulva

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7
Q

describe the position of the labia majora

A

labia majora on either side extend posteriorly posteriorly from the mons pubis to the perineum but DO NOT join

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8
Q

what male structure is the labia majora the homologue of? why?

A

scrotum

both derived from the same embryonic structure - labioscrotal swelling

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9
Q

what are the labia minora?

A

hairless cutaneous folds devoid of fat

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10
Q

describe the position of the labia minora

A

extend obliquely from the clitoris down the lateral sides, down to the vaginal orifice

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11
Q

what is the vestibule?

A

enclosed area between the labia minora - houses the external openings of the urethra and vagina

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12
Q

what openings does the vestibule contain?

A

external urethral orifice
vaginal orifice
smaller openings - two for the greater vestibular glands, others for the lesser vestibular glands

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13
Q

what is the fourchette?

A

ridge at the posterior point of the vestibule formed when the right and left labia minora come together

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14
Q

what are the greater vestibular glands?

A

paired pea-sized glands - lateral to the vaginal orifice & deep to each posterior labium minorum

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15
Q

function of the greater vestibular glands

A

secrete lubricating mucus into the vaginal orifice during sexual arousal to facilitate entry of the penis

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16
Q

what is the only visible part of the clitoris externally?

A

glans clitoris

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17
Q

what is the clitoris?

A

small sensitive organ located just anterior to the vestibule, mostly internal

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18
Q

function of the clitoris?

A

contains erectile tissue that swells with blood during sexual arousal - important in sexual pleasure due to its high concentration of sensitive nerve endings

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19
Q

function of the erectile tissue in the glans clitoris?

A

the erectile tissue (corpora cavernosa and bulbs of the vestibule) engorges with blood during sexual stimulation - forms the basis of the female sexual response

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20
Q

the clitoris is homologous to the penis - how is the clitoris similar to and different from the penis?

A

both have glans and a body

the clitoris has no urethra

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21
Q

what covers the glans clitoris?

A

prepuce of the clitoris

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22
Q

how is the prepuce of the clitoris formed?

A

each labium minorum bifurcates anteriorly & has an upper and lower layer

the upper layers on each side join and form the prepuce, superior to the glans clitoris

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23
Q

what is the attached part of the clitoris?

A

root

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24
Q

major structural parts of the clitoris?

A
  1. root - attached part
  2. body - free part
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25
Q

how are the root & body of the clitoris formed?

A

root - formed by the proximal parts of the corpora cavernosa

body - formed by the unattached parts of corpora cavernosa

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26
Q

what type of erectile tissues make up the clitoris?

A

paired corpora cavernosa
bulbs of the vestibule

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27
Q

what are the bulbs of the vestibule? where are they located?

A

erectile tissues homologous to the corpus spongiosum

lie on each side of the vaginal orifice, deep to the bulbospongiosus muscle

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28
Q

which ligaments and structures attach the clitoris to the pubic area?

A

body is attached to the pubic symphysis via a suspensory ligament

root is attached to the ischiopubic rami

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29
Q

what are the ovaries? position?

A

paired endocrine glands

retroperitoneal structures on the lateral sides of the uterus

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30
Q

how does the appearance of the ovaries change with ovulation?

A

before ovulation they’re a smooth shape

after ovulation they have a scarred appearance

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31
Q

what three structures support the suspension of the ovaries in the true pelvic cavity?

A
  1. mesovarium of the broad ligament
  2. suspensory ligament of the ovary
  3. ovarian ligament
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32
Q

what is the mesovarium?

A

mesentery of the ovary & part of the broad ligament of the uterus

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33
Q

attachments of the mesovarium?

A

connects anterior border of the ovary to the posterior layer of the broad ligament

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34
Q

what is the suspensory ligament of the ovary?

A

peritoneal fold that attaches each ovary to the lateral pelvic wall

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35
Q

attachments of the suspensory ligament of the ovary?

A

from the superior side of the ovary to the lateral pelvic wall

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36
Q

what is the ovarian ligament?

A

a fibrous cord of connective tissue that directly attaches the ovary to the uterus

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37
Q

attachments of the ovarian ligament?

A

from the inferior side of the ovary to the lateral side of the uterus (just below the uterine tube)

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38
Q

which of the supportive ligaments of the ovary contain neurovascular & lymphatic connections?

A

the suspensory ligament of the ovary

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39
Q

which of the supportive ligaments of the ovary DON’T contain neurovascular & lymphatic connections?

A

ovarian ligament
mesovarium

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40
Q

function of the ovaries?

A

contains various cells which secrete steroid sex hormones - oestrogens and androgens

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41
Q

functions of the uterine tubes? (2)

A
  1. receive ovulated oocyte released by the ovary & facilitate its movement towards the uterus
  2. (ampulla is) the site of fertilization
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42
Q

what is the function of the fimbriae?

A

ciliated finger-like projections that drape over each ovary

generate currents to guide the oocyte from the ovary into the uterine tube

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43
Q

what is the infundibulum - position?

A

lateral opening of the uterine tube into the peritoneal cavity, just below the fimbriae

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44
Q

function of the infundibulum?

A

helps capture the oocyte during ovulation

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45
Q

what is the ampulla? its significance?

A

expanded medial section of the uterine tube, forms half its length

significance: primary site of fertilization

46
Q

what is the isthmus of the uterine tube? its function?

A

narrow, medial third of the uterine tube, closest to the uterus

function: helps guide the oocyte toward the uterus

47
Q

how is the movement of the oocyte through the uterine tube facilitated?

A

smooth muscle of the uterine tube contracts to produce peristaltic waves

ciliated simple columnar epithelium along the walls of the uterine walls beat & aid in moving the oocyte along the tube

48
Q

what is the role of non-ciliated cells in the uterine tube?

A

secrete substances that support the oocyte and facilitate fertilization

49
Q

what is the mesosalpinx?

A

part of the broad ligament that provides support to the uterine tubes

50
Q

what is the role of the mesosalpinx?

A
  1. provides support to the uterine tubes
  2. contains an anastomotic network of uterine and ovarian vessels
51
Q

describe the superior, inferior, lateral and medial attachments of the mesosalpinx

A

superior - to the uterine tube
inferior - mesovarium
lateral - suspensory ligament of the ovary
medial - ovarian ligament

52
Q

functions of the uterus?

A
  1. receives, retains, and nourishes a fertilized oocyte during pregnancy
  2. plays a central role in menstruation and labour
53
Q

describe the position of the uterus in the pelvic cavity

A

located in the true pelvis
anterior to the rectum
posterosuperior to the urinary bladder

54
Q

list the 4 main regions of the uterus

A

fundus
body
isthmus
cervix

55
Q

when is the fundus of the uterus in contact with the sigmoid colon? what other structure is it usually in contact with?

A

in contact with the sigmoid colon when it’s distended

loops of the small intestine

56
Q

dimensions & appearance of the cervix in a non-pregnant adult female?

A

2.5 cm in length, more cylindrical in shape than the body

57
Q

list the 3 layers of the uterine wall from innermost to outermost

A

endometrium
myometrium
perimetrium

58
Q

what function does the perimetrium serve?

A

thin outermost serous layer of the uterine wall - acts as the outer covering for the uterus

59
Q

main function of the myometrium? what aspect of its structure helps with this?

A

contracts during childbirth to help expel the foetus

consists of interlacing smooth muscle bundles

60
Q

what layer of the endometrium sheds during menstruation?

A

functional layer

61
Q

what is the importance of the endometrium?

A

its the innermost mucosal lining of the uterine cavity

during menstruation - undergoes cyclic changes and sheds

during pregnancy - where the embryo implants & continues developing if fertilised

62
Q

what are the two layers of the endometrium?

A

functional layer
basal layer

63
Q

what is the significance of the basal layer of the endometrium?

A

remains intact as the functional layer is shed during menstruation & regenerates the functional layer after

64
Q

what connects the cervix to the body of the uterus?

A

internal os

65
Q

what is the importance of the external os?

A

connects the cervix to the vagina

66
Q

two main functions of cervical mucus?

A
  1. prevents bacteria from entering the uterus 2. blocks sperm except during mid-cycle - becomes less viscous to allow sperm passage
67
Q

what are the three layers of the vaginal wall from outermost to innermost? describe what each is composed of

A

adventitia - fibrous connective tissue
muscularis - smooth muscle
mucosa - transverse folds/ rugae

68
Q

purpose of the rugae in the vaginal mucosa? (2)

A

transverse folds that stimulate the penis during intercourse & flatten to allow for expansion during childbirth

69
Q

role of the lamina propria in the vaginal mucosa?

A

contains elastic fibres - allows the vagina to return to its original shape after stretching

70
Q

why is the vaginal epithelium lined with stratified squamous cells?

A

stratified squamous epithelium withstands friction & resists bacterial infections

71
Q

main functions of the vagina? (2)

A
  1. serves as a passageway for childbirth
  2. receives the penis and semen during intercourse
72
Q

what is the vaginal orifice?

A

external opening of the vagina

73
Q

what is the hymen?

A

a vascularized mucosal membrane forming an incomplete diaphragm near the vaginal orifice

74
Q

under what circumstances can the hymen rupture?

A

often occurs during the first instance of sex

can be more delicate in others and rupture during tampon use or during sports

75
Q

what is the vaginal fornix?

A

a recess formed around the cervix by the vaginal wall - creates spaces between the cervix and the vaginal walls

76
Q

subdivisions of the vaginal fornices? (4)

A

anterior
posterior
lateral (2)

77
Q

what are the main ligaments supporting the uterus?

A

lateral/transverse cervical (cardinal) ligaments
round ligaments of the uterus
broad ligament
uterosacral ligament
pubocervical ligament

78
Q

what is the primary mesentery supporting the uterus?

A

mesometrium - part of the broad ligament

79
Q

attachments of the cardinal ligament? what role does it play in uterine support?

A

anchors cervix & superior vagina to the lateral pelvic walls

provides lateral stability to the uterus & cervix

80
Q

what is significant about the composition of the cardinal ligament?

A

consists of dense connective tissue & smooth muscle fibres

contains blood vessels (branches of uterine artery) & nerves - provides vascular and nerve supply to the cervix and vagina

81
Q

functions of the cardinal ligament? (2)

A
  1. provides vascular and nerve supply to the cervix and vagina
  2. provides lateral stability to the uterus & cervix
82
Q

how do the round ligaments support the uterus? consider its course

A

stabilises the uterus by binding it to the anterior body wall

from the uterus - pass through the inguinal canal & exits via the superficial inguinal ring - attaches at the labia majora and anterior pelvic wall

83
Q

what three components make up the broad ligament?

A

mesometrium
mesovarium
mesosalpinx

84
Q

what structure does the mesometrium support?

A

the uterus

85
Q

what structure does the mesovarium support?

A

the ovaries

86
Q

what structure does the mesosalpinx support?

A

the uterine tubes

87
Q

which ligament extends from the posterior cervix to the sacrum, providing posterior support?

A

uterosacral ligament

88
Q

function of the pubocervical ligament?

A

provides anterior stability by attaching the cervix & upper vagina to the pubic bones, with horizontal and vertical portions

89
Q

what ligament provides anterior support to the cervix & uterus?

A

pubocervical ligament

90
Q

origin of the uterine arteries?

A

arise from the anterior division of the internal iliac arteries

91
Q

what does the ascending branch of the uterine artery supply?

A

supplies the upper uterus
anastomoses with the ovarian artery - helps supply the ovary

92
Q

what does the descending branch of the uterine artery supply?

A

supplies the cervix and upper vagina
anastomoses with the vaginal artery - helps supply the vagina

93
Q

where do the uterine arteries course in relation to the ureter?

A

cross the ureter ANTERIORLY before reaching the cervix

94
Q

clinical significance of the uterine artery during a hysterectomy?

A

uterine artery may be ligated to control bleeding during a hysterectomy

95
Q

clinical significance of the uterine artery during treatment of uterine fibroids?

A

uterine artery is embolized to block blood supply to fibroids or abnormal areas of uterine tissue

96
Q

what are the two terminal branches of the uterine artery that supply the uterus?

A

arcuate arterioles
helicine (terminal) arterioles

97
Q

where do the ovarian arteries originate?

A

originate from the abdominal aorta (right and left)

98
Q

what do the ovarian arteries supply?

A

ovaries and uterine tubes

99
Q

describe the course of the ovarian arteries through the pelvic cavity

A

descend as retroperitoneal structures
cross over the external iliac artery at the pelvic brim
approach the ovaries within the suspensory ligament

100
Q

where do the uterine and ovarian arteries anastomose? within what ligament?

A

each lateral side of the uterus within the mesosalpinx of the broad ligament - create a network that supplies the uterus and ovaries

101
Q

what are the two key anastomoses of the female genitalia?

A

ascending branch of the uterine artery anastomoses with branches of the ovarian artery

descending branch of the uterine artery anastomoses with branches of the vaginal artery

102
Q

what is the vesico-uterine pouch? where is it located?

A

peritoneal space located between the posterior surface of the urinary bladder & the anterior surface of the uterus

103
Q

clinical significance of the recto-uterine pouch?

A

the lowest point in the peritoneal cavity where fluid can collect

often examined by ultrasound for fluid, ectopic pregnancies, or infections

104
Q

how is the recto-uterine pouch accessed for examination or surgical procedures?

A

accessed through the posterior vaginal fornix

105
Q

what are the two main types of peritoneum? what structures do they cover?

A

parietal peritoneum - lines the abdominal cavity walls

visceral peritoneum - covers the abdominal organs and forms folds, creates spaces like the vesico-uterine and recto-uterine pouches

106
Q

which uterine ligament extends through the inguinal canal?

A

round ligament of the uterus

107
Q

why is the uterine artery enlarged during pregnancy?

A

to meet the increased blood supply demands of the growing uterus &developing foetus

108
Q

what structures are contained within the suspensory ligament of the ovary?

A

ovarian arteries - supply the ovaries and uterine tubes

109
Q

what is the primary role of the mesosalpinx in uterine support?

A

supports the uterine tubes, forming the upper part of the broad ligament

110
Q

how does the broad ligament function as a supportive structure?

A

extends from each side of the uterus to the lateral pelvic walls - supports the uterus, ovaries, and uterine tubes

Clinical Anatomy (15 decks)

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