Head And Neck Session 7

Question 1

What gives innervation to the ala of the nose?

Answer 1

Nasal branches of the intra orbital nerve, a branch of CNV2

Question 2

What gives innervation to the dorsum and apex of the nose?

Answer 2

Infratrochlear and external anterior ethmoid all nerves, branches of CNV1

Question 3

What gives arterial supply to the nose?

Answer 3

Anterior ethmoidal, septal branch of superior labial and nasal branches of infra-orbital and facial artery

Question 4

What gives venous drainage to the nose?

Answer 4

Angular and lateral nasal veins that drain into the facial vein and cavernous sinus

Question 5

What allows the nares to constrict or dilate when the surrounding muscles act?

Answer 5

U-shaped major alar cartilage that are free to move

Question 6

What type of skin covers the superior bony part of the nose?

Answer 6

Thin skin

Question 7

What type of skin covers the cartilaginous part of the nose?

Answer 7

Thicker skin with sebaceous glands

Question 8

What is the limen nasi?

Answer 8

Boundary between skin types from development as skin was drawn in from nasal pits

Question 9

What skin is found in the vestibule of the nose?

Answer 9

Same as on the cartilaginous part with additional vibrissae

Question 10

What forms the roof of the nasal cavities?

Answer 10

Frontonasal, ethmoidal and hollow body of sphenoid

Question 11

What structures are found in the lateral wall of the nasal cavities?

Answer 11

Nasal conchae

Question 12

What forms the nasal septum to make up the medial wall of the nasal cavities?

Answer 12

Crista galli, nasal spine of frontal bone, septal cartilage, nasal crest of maxilla, nasal crest of palatine bone, vomer, crest of sphenoid bone and perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone

Question 13

What forms the floor of the nasal cavities?

Answer 13

Palatine processes of maxilla and horizontal plates of palatine bone

Question 14

What are the openings of the nasal cavities?

Answer 14

Anteriorly: nares
Posteriorly: choanae

Question 15

Describe the arrangement of the nasal mucosa in the nasal cavities.

Answer 15

Firmly bound to periosteum and perichondrium, continuous with the nasopharynx, paranasal sinuses, lacrimal sac and conjunctiva

Question 16

How does the inferior 2/3 of nasal mucosa differ from the superior 1/3?

Answer 16

Inferior 2/3 is respiratory and superior 1/3 is olfactory

Question 17

What type of epithelium is respiratory mucosa?

Answer 17

Pseudostratified columnar with cilia and goblet cells

Question 18

What type of epithelium is olfactory mucosa?

Answer 18

Olfactory cells with sustenacular cells and Bowman’s glands

Question 19

Which concha are associated with the ethmoid bone?

Answer 19

Superior and middle

Question 20

What is the purpose of the large vascular spaces in the mucous membrane of the inferior concha?

Answer 20

Can swell and shrink to control diameter

Question 21

What in the nasal cavity receives sphenoid all sinus drainage?

Answer 21

Sphenoethmoidal recess

Question 22

What drainage does each meatus in the nasal cavity receive?

Answer 22

Superior: posterior ethmoidal sinuses
Middle: maxillary, frontal and ethmoidal
Inferior: nasolacrimal duct and eustaschian tube

Question 23

Where is the common nasal meatus found?

Answer 23

Between conchae and nasal septum

Question 24

What does the ethmoidal infundibulum allow passage of?

Answer 24

Frontonasal duct through ethmoidal labyrinth

Question 25

What is the semilunar hiatus?

Answer 25

Frontal sinus opening into the nasal cavity

Question 26

Which two branches of the ophthalmic artery supply the medial wall of the nasal cavities?

Answer 26

Anterior ethmoidal and posterior ethmoidal

Question 27

Which branches of the ECA supply the medial wall of the nasal cavities?

Answer 27

Septal branch of superior labial from the facial artery and greater palatine from the maxillary artery

Question 28

What does the foramen cecum allow passage of in some patients?

Answer 28

Nasal veins to superior sagittal sinus

Question 29

Which branch of the maxillary artery supplies the lateral wall of the nasal cavities?

Answer 29

Branches of the sphenopalatine artery

Question 30

What gives venous drainage to the nasal cavities?

Answer 30

Sphenopalatine, facial and ophthalmic veins drain to the submucosal be venous plexus and into the pterygoid plexus and cavernous sinus

Question 31

What is the function of the submucosal venous plexus of the nose?

Answer 31

Thermoregulation

Question 32

Describe the innervation of the anterosuperior portion of the nasal cavities.

Answer 32

Ophthalmic nerve (CNV1) branches to nasociliary nerve giving rise to anterior and posterior ethmoidal nerves

Question 33

Describe the innervation of the postoinferior portion of the nasal cavities.

Answer 33

Maxillary nerve (CNV2) gives rise to the greater palatine nerve to innervate the lateral wall and the nasopalatine nerve to innervate the septum

Question 34

What are the functions of the nose?

Answer 34

Olfaction, filtration, drain and eliminate paranasal sinus and nasolacrimal duct secretions, registration and humidification

Question 35

What are the paranasal sinuses?

Answer 35

Paired mucous membrane lined out-pocketings of nasal cavity named according to their bony location

Question 36

What is the function of paranasal sinuses?

Answer 36

Nobody knows

Question 37

Where are the frontal sinuses located?

Answer 37

Posterior to superciliary arches and root of nose

Question 38

At what age can the frontal sinuses be detected?

Answer 38

7 y.o.

Question 39

Describe the passage taken by contents draining from the frontal sinuses.

Answer 39

Frontonasal duct --> ethmoidal infundibulum --> semilunar hiatus of middle nasal meatus

Question 40

What provides innervation to the frontal sinuses?

Answer 40

Supra-orbital nerves (CNV1)

Question 41

Why does the septum near the frontal sinuses usually deviate?

Answer 41

Right and left frontal sinuses and rally equal in size

Question 42

Where are the two parts of the frontal sinuses located?

Answer 42

Vertical in squamous frontal bone, horizontal in orbital frontal bone

Question 43

What forms the roof of the frontal sinuses?

Answer 43

Floor of anterior cranial fossa

Question 44

What forms the floor of the frontal sinuses?

Answer 44

Roof of orbit

Question 45

What forms the apex of the maxillary sinuses?

Answer 45

Zygomatic bone

Question 46

What do the base of the maxillary sinuses form?

Answer 46

Inferior lateral wall of nasal cavity

Question 47

What forms the roof of the maxillary sinuses?

Answer 47

Floor of orbit

Question 48

What often causes conical elevations to appear on the maxillary sinus floor?

Answer 48

Roots of first two molars in the alveolar part of maxilla

Question 49

Describe the passage of contents draining from the maxillary sinus.

Answer 49

Maxillary Ostia --> semilunar hiatus --> middle nasal meatus

Question 50

What gives arterial supply to the maxillary sinuses?

Answer 50

Mainly superior alveolar branches of maxillary artery and descending and greater palatine arches to the floor

Question 51

What gives innervation it the maxillary sinuses?

Answer 51

Anterior, middle and posterior superior alveolar nerves, all branches of the maxillary nerve

Question 52

Describe the development of the maxillary sinuses through childhood.

Answer 52

Present at birth but do not enlarge until ~8 y.o.

Question 53

Where are the ethmoidal sinuses found?

Answer 53

Between nasal cavity and orbit

Question 54

If a patient is less than 2 y.o. What imaging method is. Needed to visualise the ethmoidal sinuses?

Answer 54

CT

Question 55

Describe the drainage of the anterior, middle and posterior ethmoidal air cells.

Answer 55

Anterior: ethmoidal infundibulum --> middle nasal meatus Middle: --> middle nasal meatus Posterior: --> superior meatus

Question 56

What gives innervation to the ethmoidal sinuses?

Answer 56

Anterior and posterior ethmoidal branches of nasociliary nerves (CNV1)

Question 57

At ~2 y.o. Which other sinus do the ethmoidal sinuses invade?

Answer 57

Sphenoid

Question 58

Describe the location of the sphenoid sinuses.

Answer 58

In body of sphenoid but may extend to wings, unevenly divided by bony septum

Question 59

What do the thin plates of bone around the sphenoid sinus separate it from?

Answer 59

Optic nerves, optic chiasm, pituitary gland and fossa, ICA, cavernous sinuses, middle and posterior cranial fossae, pons and nasopharynx roof

Question 60

What happens if several posterior ethmoidal air cells invade the sphenoid sinuses?

Answer 60

Sphenoidal sinuses open separately into sphenoethmoidal recess

Question 61

What gives neurovascular supply to the sphenoid sinuses?

Answer 61

Posterior ethmoidal arteries and nerves

Question 62

Describe the change in the sphenoid sinuses observed from birth to puberty.

Answer 62

Small at birth and enlarge after puberty

Question 63

What forms the nasal septum?

Answer 63

Perpendicular plate of ethmoid, vomer and septal cartilage